BACKGROUND: Cancer stem cell is a minority population of cancer cells in multiple myeloma possessing the properties of stem cells: self-renewal, multi-directional differentiation and long-term proliferation, which mediating disease initiation, relapse, progression and drug resistance.OBJECTIVE: To review characteristics of biology, phenotypic analyses, sorting and identification in clonogenic myeloma cells, the signaling pathways with in myeloma stem cells and the target therapy related.METHODS: Application of computer search Medline database (1999-01/2009-04), using "multiple myeloma stem cells, heterogeneity, phenotypic analysis, signaling pathways, target therapy" as key words; application of computer search CNKI database (1999-01/2009-04) and CBM Database (1999-01/2009-04) using "multiple myeloma stem cells, heterogeneity, stem cell separation and identification, signal transduction, targeted therapy as key words".RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: We collected for 126 literatures on the multiple myeloma stem cell-related, which include 30 Chinese articles and 96 English articles, excluding published earlier, repeated, and similar studies into 30 sub-standard literatures. Now widely recognized that multiple myeloma stem cells may be derived from normal stem cells, the accumulation of mutations and by gene mutation in regaining self-renewal capacity of progenitor cells or fully differentiated mature cells. Circulating clonotypic memory B-cell populations have self-renewal and multi-directional differentiation potential, which represent the cancer stem cells in multiple myeloma. The exact phenotype of multiple myeloma cancer stem cells has not been definitively established and researched remains. At present, both the side population cells and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity assays were mainly capable of isolating multiple myeloma cancer stem cells. Which to possess self-renewal ability by Hedgehog ,Wnt and Notch signaling pathways. When these signal transduction pathways appear abnormal, leading to the occurrence of the tumor and tumor cell growth in non-controlled. Against the cancer stem cell targeted therapy is a new and important direction of selective therapeutic strategies. Cancer stem cell specific surface markers and signal transduction pathways can be used as anti-cancer stem cells to control tumor development targets.

BACKGROUND: Cancer stem cell is a minority population of cancer cells in multiple myeloma possessing the properties of stem cells: self-renewal, multi-directional differentiation and long-term proliferation, which mediating disease initiation, relapse, progression and drug resistance. OBJECTIVE: To review characteristics of biology, phenotypic analyses, sorting and identification in clonogenic myeloma cells, the signaling pathways with in myeloma stem cells and the target therapy related. METHODS: Application of computer search Medline database (1999-01/2009-04), using "multiple myeloma stem cells, heterogeneity, phenotypic analysis, signaling pathways, target therapy" as key words ;application of computer search CNKI database (1999-01/2009-04) and CBM Database (1999-01/2009-04) using "multiple myeloma stem cells, heterogeneity, stem cell separation and identification, signal transduction, targeted therapy as key words" . RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: We collected for 126 literatures on the multiple myeloma stem cell-related, which include 30 Chinese articles and 96 English articles, excluding published earlier, repeated, and similar studies into 30 sub-standard literatures. Now widely recognized that multiple myeloma stem cells may be derived from normal stem cells, the accumulation of mutations and by gene mutation in regaining self-renewal capacity of progenitor cells or fully differentiated mature cells. Circulating clonotypic memory B-cell populations have self-renewal and multi-directional differentiation potential, which represent the cancer stem cells in multiple myeloma. The exact phenotype of multiple myeloma cancer stem cells has not been definitively established and researched remains. At present, both the side population cells and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity assays were mainly capable of isolating multiple myeloma cancer stem cells. Which to possess self-renewal ability by Hedgehog ,Wnt and Notch signaling pathways. When these signal transduction pathways appear abnormal, leading to the occurrence of the tumor and tumor cell growth in non-controlled. Against the cancer stem cell targeted therapy is a new and important direction of selective therapeutic strategies. Cancer stem cell specific surface markers and signal transduction pathways can be used as anti-cancer stem cells to control tumor development targets.

Problem-based learning (PBL) is a student-centered pedagogy in which a subject is approached in the context of realistic problems.We have applied PBL into intemnal medicine of general medicine for up to three years.The results suggest that the PBL method could promote the clinical competencies and self-learning capacities of students.However there is still room for improvement.

ObjectiveTo establish a analytical system for the survival motor neuron (SMN) subtle mutation,and evaluate its application in two families with spinal muscular atrophy (SMA).MethodsSMN genes in seven family members from two SMA families were analyzed at both transcript level and genomic level,by the use of the conventional PCR-RFLP,allele-specific PCR,multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) and T subcloning and sequencing of SMNI gene.ResultsIn family A,the patient had a single SMN1 copy who was carrying nonsense mutation L228X,which was also found in his father.In family B,as the patient's sample was unavailable,the father was indeed a carrier with one normal SMN1 allele and the other SMN1 allele carrying a frameshift mutation 22_23insA.The remaining family members were SMA carriers with one SMN1 copy.ConclusionThis analytical system for SMN subtle mutation offers viable molecular basis for genetic counseling and prenatal diagnosis in SMA families.

BACKGROUND:Previous research has shown that stem cells at different age stages had various proliferation and differentiation in vitro.Therefore,biological characteristics of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells at different age stages play a key role in evaluating differentiation into myocardial cells and determining proliferation and differentiation parameters in vitro.OBJECTIVE:To compare in vitro proliferation,surface marking,and differentiation into myocardial cells of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells from different aged rats.DESIGN,TIME AND SETTING:An in vitro contrast cytological observation was performed at the Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology,Shanxi Medical University from May 2008 to May 2009.MATERIALS:A total of 15 healthy male Wistar rats were divided into three groups:1-month-old,3-month-old,and 12-month-old groups,with 5 rats in each group.METHODS:Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells were cultured using adherence screening method.At the third passage,cells differentiated into myocardium-like cells by the induction of 5-azacytidine.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:Cell proliferation was observed using MTT;cell surface marking was detected using flow cytometry;cardiac-specific myosin heavy chain mRNA expression was measured using RT-PCR.RESULTS:Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells were adherent in each group,and the proliferation curve was similar to each other.Under the same culture condition,the proliferation in the 1-month-old and 3-month-old groups was faster than 12-month-old group (F=28.71,P ＜ 0.05).The third-passage cells strongly expressed CD44 and CD71 but weakly expressed CD34 and CD45.At 2 weeks after 5-azacytidine induction,cardiac-specific myosin heavy chain mRNA was observed in all groups;however,the cardiac-specific myosin heavy chain mRNA expression in both 1-month-old and 3-month-old groups was significantly greater than 12-month-old group (t=5.140,2.827,P ＜ 0.05).CONCLUSION:With the age increasing of rats,proliferation,survival time,and differentiation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells were weakened.

OBJECTIVE:To probe into the status quo of medication compliances and problems in the medication of patients with tuberculosis so as to direct their use of drugs.METHODS:Information on medication compliances of tuberculosis patients who experienced regular physical examinations was investigated by interview and questionnaires,and which were analyzed statistically.RESULTS:Of the562cases investigated,54%followed or almost followed medication directions;46%failed to follow normal drug therapy for different reasons.CONCLUSION:The pharmacists should do their utmost to expand the range of pharmaceutical care so as to improve patients'medication compliances.

Objective To analyze the clinical data of recipients over 15 years after renal transplantation,and to find the factors that affect the long-term survival of recipients after renal transplantation.Method Before June 30,2000,326 renal transplant recipients in our hospital were collected retrospectively.The risk factors which affect the survival of kidney transplant recipients and kidney were analyzed from four dimensions.A Cox model was established to analyze these multi factors.Result Cox hazard model indicated that advanced age (P=0.010,RR =1.052),AMR (P＜0.001,RR =18.311),nonadherence (P =0.001,RR =2.854),smoking (P =0.025,RR =2.097)were the risk factors for recipients' survival.Using immunosuppressive regimen FK506 + MMF+ Pred (P =0.019,RR =0.433),or CsA + MMF + Pred (P =0.019,RR =0.413) was the protective factor for recipients' survival.Nonadherence (P＜0.001,RR =5.645),and diabetes (P＜0.001,RR =3.310) were the risk factors of grafts' survival.Using immunosuppressive regimen FK506 + MMF + Pred (P＜0.001,RR =0.236),or CsA + MMF + Pred (P =0.002,RR =0.317) was the protective factor of grafts' survival.Conclusion To enhance the long-term outcome of recipients and grafts,the individualization of immunosuppressive regiments and controlling of the chronic diseases progress by changing the unhealthy life style are cutting on edge.

As the new development of scientometrics and informetrics, knowledge graph has infiltrated into the financial, industrial and medical fields, and become a hot issue in the real world research. In this article, the concept and features of knowledge graph, construction and the existing softwares, the application status and development prospect in the TCM field were reviewed, which may provide references for research on the knowledge graph in the TCM field.

To investigate the absorption kinetics characteristics of icariin for various intestinal segments.Methods: To establish the situ intestinal perfusion model and to study the absorption of icariin for various intestinal segments.Results: Icariin was metabolized quickly in the four intestinal segments.The permeability coefficient(P*eff) were(4.27?0.28),(5.25?0.17),(1.99?0.09),(0.80?0.03) at duodenum,jejunum,ileum,colon,respectively.Icariside can be detected in the four intestine segments in rats by HPLC.Conclusion: Icariin is metabolized into icariside,and then icariside can be absorbed.

Objective To investigate the characteristics of diet for infants in relatively poor counties in different cities of Yunnan and to provide a reference for carrying out educational consultation in the future by comparing and analyzing the data of infant diet in those areas.Methods Based on the GDP and habits of diet,the characteristics of infants' diet was investigated and analyzed in four counties including Yiliang in Zhaotong,Jianchuan in Dali,Lushui in Nujiang,and Mojiang in Puer,with low income and different habits of diet.Results No difference was found among people who fed the infants in terms of sex,age groups,feeding relationship and degree of education except for one fact that the feeding rate of parents in Jianchuan county was lower than that in Yiliang county.Based on the standard intake of nutrient in Chinese people,the intake of infant protein in 6-12 months achieved Chinese standard in four counties.Energy,fat and carbohydrates were lower than the standard (P＜O.05).Apart from the fact that energy,protein,fat and carbohydrates were lower in Yiliang county,no significant difference was found among four counties.The intake of protein and carbohydrates for infants in 13-24 months achieved Chinese standard in the four counties,but energy and fat were lower than the standard.The carbohydrates of infants in 6-24 months was normal and the fat was lower compared with acceptable macro nutrient distribution ranges.The intake of carbohydrates,fat and protein were similar among four counties.Conclusion The diet composition and the nutrient condition for infants are poor in four counties.Health education of nutrition for infants is needed in those areas.