To explore a new mode of teaching activities and management of clinical practice, our hospital adopted various methods, including computer training and exams, selecting practice guiding experts among the three level specialties, establishing labs for the operation of basic skills, using credit books for trainees and adopting integrated education on disease entities. In the past, teachers could teach and set exams in whatever way they liked and students did not have enough opportunities to come across various disease entities or to operate with their hands. Now such shortcomings have been overcome. Students can receive comprehensive, systematic and standard training in clinical operations. At the same time, their quality with regard to professional knowledge and ethics has also been enhanced.

Objective To study the retrograde axonal transport of Schwann cell derived neurotrophic factor(SDNF)by motor neurons Methods SDNF was labeled with Chloramine T, 125 I SDNF and 100 fold excess of unlabelled SDNF was injected into the right hindlegs of neonatal rats separately The spinal cords was removed for counting in a  counter Results The radioactive level of experimental side was more than contralateral side The transport was blocked by 100 fold excess of unlabelled SDNF Conclusion SDNF was transported retrogradely by spinal motor neurons

Objective To evaluate the effect of microneurovascular muscle transplantation for long standing facial paralysis by employing phrenic nerve as recipient motor nerve source Method Three cases with long standing facial palsy were treated using this operative method The latissimus dorsi with thoracodorsal vessels and thoracordorsal nerve was used as donor The ipsilateral phrenic nerve was used as a recipient motor nerve source and the facial artery and vein as recipient vessels The transferred muscle was fixated on the zygomatic arch,the nasalabial fold and commissure of orbicular oris Results All of cases obtained function restoration of the transferred muscle during 12～16 weeks postoperatively Both static and dynamic facial appearance improved Among them,two cases showed a little over bulk in the operative side,among them,one case was improved by removing a part of subcutaneous fat and outer layer of transferred muscle in another operation Conclusion Comparing with the previous operative method,this new operation method could be completed in one stage,which had not to explore the buccal branch of facial nerve in the health side of face,therefore,there is no scar left in the health side In addition,phrenic nerve was easy to explore and longer enough for anastomosis to the nerve attached to the muscle,so the short length of nerve in the transferred muscle is more easy to regeneration after anastomosis to the recipient nerve All these suggests that the transplanted muscle with phrenic nerve as recipient motor source is a simple,short time consumption, less scar left and good effect operation method for facial paralysis

Objective To probe the diagnostic value of MRI in wounded feet which were negative on X-ray film.Methods 77 cases with wounded feet displayed normally on X-ray film underwent MRI,using SE/T1WI,TSE/SPIR/T2WI and 3D-water sel.-FFE.Results The abnormalities on MRI were found in 54 cases,of them,47 cases were within 30 days including bone contusion in 20 cases,muscle injury in 12 cases,bone contusion and muscle injury in 6 cases,bone contusion and soft tissue space injury in 2 cases,simple soft tissue space injury in 3 cases,tiny bone fracture in 3 cases and bone fracture in combination with contusion 1 case.7 cases were 30 days after trauma including cancellous bone sclerosis and little ossature deformity.Conclusion MRI is of important value in the wounded feet which are negative on X-ray film and have obvious symptom.

Objective To study the neurotrophic activity of Schwann cells derived neurotrophic factor (SDNF) on developing motoneurons Methods The right facial nerve of 14 neonatal SD rats was transected neonatal SD rats was transected. The rats were randomly divided into two groups. SDNF (10?g/d) was applied for 7 days in experimental group and PBS(loul) was received in contral group. The mounts and morphology of motoneurons were studied. Results The number and morphometry of experimental group was better than that of controlled group significantly. Conclusion SDNF could save facial motoneurons fron axotomy induced cell death in neonatal rats.

Objective To discuss correlation of hemodynamic changes and portal vein diameter with multi-slice spiral CT peffusion imaging in liver cirrhosis. Method 31 cases liver cirrhosis were enrolled in this study. The first porta hepatis were selected for target lay of CT perfusion scan. Liver perfusion parameters were obtained by color perfusion map method. Right to left diameter and occipitofrontal diame-ter of portal vein were measured. 30 cases of normal persons were used as control group. Result Hepatic arterial perfusion (HAP) in liver 0.05). Hepatic perfusion index (HPI) were (19.13±3.33)% and (20.61±8.56)%, which had no statistically significant difference with the other two groups (P>0.05). Conclusion Multi-spiral CT perfnsion imaging is an effectively noninvasive method to evaluate the hemodynamic changes of liver cirrhosis. Occipitofrontal diameter of portal vein with liver cirrhosis can reflect the state of liver hemodynamics.

Objective To evaluate the value of dual echo technique in combination with apparent diffusion coefficient(ADC) in differentiating acute benign vertebral fracture from metastasis.Methods 43 patients (mean age, 68.2 years) with 79 metastatic vertebrae and 59 patients(mean age,60) with 68 acute vertebral fractures were included in our study.The slices of largest size of lesion on T1WI were selected to measure and calculate the signal intensity ratio(SIR) and ADC of lesions.The difference of ADC values and SIR between benign acute vertebral fractures and vertebral metastasis were compared.Parallel test,serial test and receiver operating characteristic curve(ROC) analysis of logistic model were done.Results ADC values of metastasis and acute benign fracture were (1.32±0.5)×10~（-3）mm~2/s and (2.39±0.4)×10~(-3)mm~~2/s respectively,and SIR of them were 1.00±0.01 and 0.85±0.01 respectively,there were significantly different between these two entities with the two tests(P<0.05).The area under the curve(AUC) for SIR was 0.897 and for ADC was 0.960,there is significantly different between these two tests in AUC(P=0.02).When 0.97 as cut off value for SIR,the sensitivity and specificity were 84.81% and 76.47%% respectively,when 1.87×10~(-3)mm~2/s as cutoff value for ADC , the sensitivity and specificity were 93.67% and 91.18% respectively . The sensitivity and specificity were 99.04% and 69.73% respectively in the parallel tests and 79.44%,97.92% in the serial test.A combining predictor established with logistic regression model showed a high AUC:0.985,which was higher than that of ADC and SIR alone.The AUC under ROC for ADC was significantly larger than that of SIR . When 0.55 as cut off value for this combining predictor , the sensitivity and specificity were 98.73% and 95.59% respectively.Multiple comparisons were performed with LSD-t test :combining predictor>ADC>SIR,it showed that there was significantly different between indexes(P<0.05). Conclusion ADC in combination with SIR can improve the effects in differentiating benign acute vertebral fractures and vertebral metastasis.

Objective: To explore the expression level of peripheral blood Th1/Th2 type cytokines of chronic hepatitis b (CHB) patients in the entecavir (ETV) antiviral treatment, analyze the relationship between various cytokines, and the correlation among of cytokines and HBV DNA loads. Methods: Luminex Liquid Chip Technology was applied to detect the peripheral blood Th1/Th2 type cytokines expression level of CHB patients; At the same time, liver function was detected by Fully Automatic Biochemical Analyzer; HBV DNA loads were detected by PCR Method; Hepatitis b virology markers were detected by Chemiluminescence Method. F-test and Pearson correlation analysis were used for statistical analysis. Results: Before ETV antiviral treatment, peripheral blood Th1 cytokines IFN gamma expression level in patients with CHB increased significantly (P = 0.010) compared with the healthy control group while TNF alpha expression level having no statistically significant difference (P = 0.095); Th2 type cytokines IL-4, IL-6, IL-10 levels decreased obviously (P = 0.039, P = 0.014, P = 0.026) compared with those in the control group. After 48 weeks of treatment, Th1 cytokines IFN gamma and TNF alpha expression levels were reduced significantly (19.2±5.03 pg/ml vs 24.69±6.51 pg/ml, and 6.09±4.99 pg/ml vs 9.50±7.34 pg/ml, P < 0.001, and P = 0.016) compared with that before treatment; Th2 type cytokines IL-4, IL-6 expression level increased significantly (33.86±22.47 pg/ml vs 21.32±12.84 pg/ml, and 11.65±6.91 pg/ml vs 8.51±4.94 pg/ml, P = 0.004, and P = 0.029) compared with that before treatment while IL-10 expression level having no statistical significance (P = 0.081). There was disorder and irregularity in the correlation between the levels of Th1/Th2 type cytokines. And there was no correlation between the various cytokines and HBV DNA loads in patients with CHB. Conclusion ETV can not only inhibit HBV DNA replication, reducing HBV DNA loads, but also contribute to regulate Th1/Th2 type cytokines expression level in patients with CHB, but there was no correlation between the levels of various cytokines, various cytokines and HBV DNA loads.

Food wastes are rich in nutrients and can be used for producing useful chemicals through biotransformation. Some oleaginous microorganisms can use food wastes to produce lipids and high value-added metabolites such as polyunsaturated fatty acids, squalene, and carotenoids. This not only reduces the production cost, but also improves the economic value of the products, thus has large potential for commercial production. This review summarized the advances in food waste treatment, with a focus on the lipid production by oleaginous microorganisms using food wastes. Moreover, challenges and future directions were prospected with the aim to provide a useful reference for related researchers.
Biofuels ; Biotransformation ; Food ; Lipids ; Refuse Disposal