OBJECTIVE:To facilitate the construction of Chinese pharmaceutical profession associations. METHODS: We analyzed the current situation and problems existing in Chinese pharmaceutical profession association as well as the developmental experience of foreign pharmaceutical associations then put forward suggestions for the development of pharmaceutical profession associations in China. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS: The sound development of pharmaceutical profession associations calls for the cooperated efforts of government, profession association and pharmaceutical enterprises, meanwhile its function as bridge and tie between pharmaceutical enterprises and government should be brought into full play.

OBJECTIVE:To further perfect the discipline theory of pharmaceutical administration in China.METHODS:The processes and methods of the discipline theory construction of pharmaceutical administration was studied by deductive theory and‘taking root’theory.RESULTS&CONCLUSION:The pharmaceutical administration theory is characterized by diverse and empirical,to make it improved,more research work needs to be done.

OBJECTIVE:To provide references for Chinese drug distribution reform.METHODS:The drug distribution model in USA was briefly introduced and compared with that in China.The difficulties and orientations in Chinese drug distribution reform were put forward.RESULTS &CONCLUSIONS:Drug distribution reform should be carried out cautiously.Our government should deal well with the relationships between different interested parties and set up a reimbursement mechanism in medical institutions in order to facilitate the reform.

Objective:To analyze and evaluate the effect after the PIVAS workflow optimization in our hospital. Methods: One-for-one grouping preparation was carried out by pharmacists and nurses. The checking of medicines, solvents and empty ampoules be-fore and after the preparation was performed by pharmacists, and the preparation of infusions was operated by nurses according to the operation specification. The preparation workload, error number in each link and damage of ampoules and finished goods before the op-timization and in 5 months after the optimization were compared. Results:The working efficiency was obviously improved with less time of about 0. 5 h for the same workload, the error rate was decreased by 40%, and the ampoule damage was reduced by 60% before and during the preparation. Conclusion:The PIVAS workflow optimization improves the working efficiency and management level.

Objective To survey the incidence of adverse reaction induced by traditional Chinese medicine injection and provide valuable suggestion for using traditional Chinese medicine injection.Methods Clinical data of 1860 patients who were under treatment of traditional Chinese medicine injection during January 2010 to December 2014 were studied to survey adverse reaction incidence, effected system-organs and risk factors of adverse reaction.Results Comparison of incidence adverse reaction of traditional Chinese medicine injection, Qingkailing injection adverse occurrence rate reached the highest 11.76% for all types, followed by Shenmai injection and Shuanghuanglian injection.Adverse reactions involving the organ and the performance was compared, adverse reactions mainly involved the organs for the skin and accessories, circulatory system, accounting for 56.15%, the incidence of adverse reactions of the rest of the organ system was less.Not determine the treatment based on differentiation of symptoms and signs, combined with injection, ultra treatment application and distribution of liquid static for a long time all differences were statistically significant ( P <0.05), leading to the main risk factors of the occurrence of adverse reactions.Conclusion Traditional Chinese medicine injections occurred and the incidence of adverse reactions was higher, wider range, organ involvement mainly skin and its appendages and circulatory system, not dialectical treatment and rational drug use is lead to adverse risk factors, actively preventment and timely treatment to reduce the incidence of adverse reactions.

There are multiple sophisticated approaches that can be used in estimations on health effects resulting from environmental pollution. By comparison, human capital approach and averted expenditure approach are not suitable to be the first choice because of the insufficient capability of capturing all aspects of health effects. Date availability and estimation extrapolation limit the application of hedonic wage approach and hedonic price approach. It has been accepted universally for the flexible technique provided by contingent valuation approach that any health effects can be separately evaluated depending on researchers' purposes. Based on the powerful macroeconomic theory, general equilibrium theory, the CGE model is powerful to simulate the mechanism of interaction between multi-sectors with a national economic system so as to objectively reflect the health impacts on national economy due to environmental pollution.

OBJECTIVE:To provide reference for the improvement on the management of defective medicinal products in China.METHODS:The current UK Defective Medicinal Products Guide and drug recall cases were analyzed and its implication on China was discussed.RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS:The mature defective medicinal products management experiences in UK serve as a mirror for drug safety work in China.At present,the drug safety work can be intensified through clarifying the definition of defective drugs,establishing effective information exchange channel for the defective drugs,establishing evaluation system about records of drug complaints,formulating scientific operational strategies for the recall of defective medicinal products and establishing matched information distribution channel.

OBJECTIVE:To establish a set of scientific,standard management model and rational,impartial financial system in Chinese institutes for drug control.METHODS:The types of the established institutions and the financial appropriation model of institutes for drug control in China were studied by using the methods of classification,comparison and analysis.RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS:Under super-ministry system,local management in drug control institutions at all levels is expected to be put into practice soon.It is advisable to optimize the organization and management model and financial appropriation management system such as by shifting from county level institution to district level institution and carrying out a wage system in drug control institutes in accordance with the payment level of civil servants,etc.

OBJECTIVE:To promote the implementation of essential medicine system by combining drug utilization research with national essential medicine system. METHODS:The importance of information monitoring in the implementation of essential medicine system was analyzed and the application of drug utilization research in the implementation of essential medicine system was also discussed. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS:It is suggested that the indicators for example DDDs are used in the monitoring of clinical drug utilization,and conditions also should be created to carry out further research of drug utilization so as to promote the implementation of essential medicine system in China.

OBJECTIVE:To provide suggestions for dealing with public emergency in China. METHODS:Through consulting the FDA guidelines for emergency management,the study was done by reviewing literature and comparison study. RESULTS:USA has established complete legal system for emergency management. FDA has established complete organization chart of emergency response with the emergency operation center as its focal point and various centers and offices providing support to resolve all kinds of emergencies. CONCLUSIONS:A complete legal system for emergency management is required in China,the most importance of which is to set up an emergency operation center in SFDA with a set of supporting departments. It is urgent to establish practical emergency response plans.