With the development of world-wide integration in the field of education and under the Bologna Process of Russia, Russian high medical colleges have begun actively searching a new way to reform medical education. However, they have encountered many problems due to the unique feature of Russian higher medical education. To analyze those problems will help us to deepen the understanding of Russian high medical colleges and strengthen Sino-Russia exchanges and cooperation.

Objective: To observe the effects of dietary zinc deficiency on the apoptosis of immunocytes in 3 weeks old rats and study the underlying mechanism. Methods: A zinc-deficient growing rat model was developed. Using TUNEL(terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling) method, the apoptosis of thymocytes and spleen lymphocytes was checked. The expression of bcl-2, bax mRNA in thymus and spleen was detected by RT-PCR. Results: Compared with zinc adequate(ZA) and paired-fed(PF) groups, the percentage of apoptosis cells in thymus and spleen of zinc-deficient(ZD) rats was obviously higher, and the thymus and spleen of ZD rats had a higher expression of bax mRNA. Zinc supplementation could reverse these changes. Conclusion: Dietary zinc deficiency leads to the increase of apoptosis of lymphocytes in thymus and spleen. One important mechanism is that the thymus and spleen have higher expression of bax mRNA, which causes the decrease of bcl-2/bax ratio.

Aim To investigate the effect of taurine(Tau)on the cardiac fibroblast(CFb)cell cycle and its regulatory protein expression,and to explore the underlying mechanism of Tau-inhibiting the proliferation of CFb.Methods The proliferation of cultured neonatal rat CFb was induced by Angiotensin Ⅱ and detected by the thiazole blue(MTT)colorimetric assay.Hydroxyproline measurement was carried out to detect the collagen quantification.The expression of cell cycle regulatory protein cyclin D and p27 were determined by the combination of immunocytochemical staining and image analysis software.Cell cycle and p27 were assessed via flow cytometry.Results CFb proliferation and hydroxyproline content in culture medium were markedly inhibited when CFb were treated with taurine at concentrations of 40,80 and 160 mmol?L-1 for 24 hours(P

Objective To investigate the effect of taurine(Tau) on the myocardial fibrosis and its mechanism.Methods The rat model of myocardial fibrosis was built by subcutaneous injection of isoprel(Iso).And the rats were divided into control group,model group and taurine group(80,160,320 mg?kg-1?d-1).Hydroxyproline measurment was carried out for detecting collagen quantification in myocardium tissue.Histopathology changes were detected by HE staining.In vitro,the cultured neonatal rat cardiac fibroblasts(CFb) were divided into control group,model group and taurine group(40,80,160mmol?L-1).The proliferation of CFb was induced by angiotensin Ⅱ(AngⅡ) and detected by the thiazoleblue(MTT)colorimetric assay.TGF-?1 level was determined by ELISA technique.The expression of cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor p27 was assessed with flow cytometry.Results In vivo,the contents of hydroxyproline were decreased in Tau(160,320 mg?kg-1?d-1) groups as compared with model group(P

Objective: To observe the effects of zinc deficiency on peripheral blood lymphocyte phenotypic distribution and the balance between Th1 and Th2 cells in growing rats. Methods: Two-color cytofluorometric analysis was used. Results: Compared with zinc adequate (ZA) and paired-fed (PF) groups, peripheral blood lymphocytes in zinc deficient (ZD) rats had higher percentage of CD8+ cells (cytolytic T cells), lower percentage of CD4+ cells (T helper cells) and lower percentage of CD45RA+ cells (pure B lymphocytes).In addition, zinc deficiency selectively caused reduction of Th1-like CD45RC+CD4+ cells , but Th2-like CD45RC-CD4+cells had no significant changes in weanling rats. Zinc supplementation could reverse these changes. Conclusion: Dietary zinc deficiency leads to changes of lymphocyte phenotypic distribution and the imbalance of Th1 and Th2 subsets. These changes are reversible.

Objective To analysis the parameters of left ventricular hypertrophy(LVH) in patients with primary aldosteronism(PA).Methods Two hundred fifty patients were diagnosed as primary aldosteronsim in this study.One hundred fouty two PA patients undergone the adrenal venous sampling(AVS).Adenomas) APA) were diagnosed in 68 patients and idiopathic hyperaldosteronism(IHA) in 74 patients.During the same period, clinical characteristics and cardiovascular events of this group were compared with those of 246 patients with essential hypertension(EHT) randomly matched for age,gender,and systolic and diastolic blood pressure.Echocardiographic examinations and biochemical and hormonal assays were conducted in all subjects.Results 1) Left ventricular end-diastolic dimension(LVEDd) was increased in PA patients compared with values in EHT patients(PA;49.6?4.3 vs EHT:48.3?4.2 mm,P0.05);however,in grade 2 and 3 hypertension,the LVMI in patients with PA was increased compared with values in patients with EHT(P

Objective To investigate the antibacterial activity of combined antimicrobial agents for imipenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in vitro,so as to provide evidence for guiding clinical practice.Methods Twenty-seven isolates of irnipenem resistant Acinetobacter baumannii were collected from March,2007 to February.2008.The minimal inhibitory concentrations(MIC)of the isolates against eleven frequently used antibiotics were determined by E test and agar dilution.Combined drug sensitivity testing was performed by broth checkerboard titration assay.Synergism between minocycline and cefoperazone-sulbaetam was analyzed by time-killing curve.Results The results from checkerboard titration assay and time-kill studies showed that the synergy rates between minocycline and cefperazone-sulbactam,minocycline and amikacin,minocycline and ciprofloxacin were 74.1%,28.0%and 48.1%,respectively.The synergy rates between amikacin and cefoperazone-sulbactam,anaikacin and ciprofloxaein were 23.1%and 37.0%,respectively.The synergy rate between cefoperazone-sulbactam and ciprofloxacin was 7.1%.With combination therapy.both MICs of cefoperazone-sulbactam and MIC of minocyeline decreased to lower than breakpoints.According to time-killing curve,the synergy rate between cefoperazone-sulbactam and minocycline was 100%.Conclusion Minocycline and cefoperazone-sulbaetam can be used for treating infections caused by multidrug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii.

Objective To develop user-friendly information education-communication (IEC)materials and guidelines of malaria control for various target groups. Methods The participatory methods were used to make sure participation of target groups at each stages of IEC material development. Results A package consisted of interactive video, 2 posters for primary groups, sto ry booklet for students, manual for activities of "buddy system" for teachers, flipcharts for health staff at grass-root levels, guidelines on communication skill and how to use the first 5kinds of materials, was developed. Conclusion A set of user-friendly IEC materials and guidelines of malaria control has successfully been developed with sufficient participation of target groups.

Objective To investigate prospectively the diagnostic significance of ulnar/median nerve amplitude ratio in motor neuron disorders.Methods Patients referral to our department between May 2009 and February 2012,due to muscle weakness,inflexible,cramps and atrophy,were consecutively enrolled.Conventional nerve conduction studies of 4 extremities (using surface electrodes) and needle electromyography were performed in all patients with fixed examiner.The compound muscle action potentials (CMAP) were recorded from abductor digiti minimi (ADM) and abductor pollicis brevis (APB) with stimulation of ulnar and median nerve at wrist,respectively.Moreover,the ratio of CMAP amplitude between ADM and APB (ADM/APB) was calculated in the patients who met the diagnostic criteria for definite amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and Hirayama disease (HD).The patients with Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) and other popyneuropathies (PN) were served as case-controls,and 34 healthy volunteers (aged (45.7 ± 16.3) years) as normal-controls.Results (1) There were 78 cases with ALS,25 HD,51 GBS and 140 other PN,with the mean age(years) of 54.7 ± 11.6,17.6 ± 2.2,41.3 ± 18.4 and 57.1 ± 14.3,respectively.(2) ADM/APB in the ALS subgroup was 2.28 ±2.87 (0.12-22.38),HD0.66±0.36 (0.05-1.34),GBS 1.42 ± 1.33 (0.25-9.85),other PN 1.36 ± 1.48 (0.08-14.44) and normal-controls 1.07 ± 0.28 (0.61-1.64,F =6.872,P =0.000),respectively.(3) The areas under receiver operator characteristic curve in patients with ALS was 0.830 (s-x =0.039) and HD 0.691 (sx =0.039,P =0.000) ; the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity for ALS patients were 36.7％ and 93.3％,respectively,with cutoff value of ADM/APB =2; and the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity for HD patients were 53.6％ and 89.0％,respectively,with cutoff value of ADM/APB =0.7.Conclusions The ulnar/median CMAP amplitude ratio increases in ALS,but decreases in HD,which may be served as a relatively specific electrophysiological index.ADM/APB amplitude ratio ＞ 2.0 is suggested to be a diagnostic parameter for ALS and ＜ 0.7 for HD.

OBJECTIVE To study the influenceof clonidine on the hemadynamics and plasma catecholamine of the postoperative patients in PACU. METHODS Twenty eight patients suffered from severe OSAHS who underwent modified UPPP and monitored in the PACU after operation were divided randomly into two groups:clonidine group and control group. Both group received the same protocol of sedation and analgesia. Patients in clonidine group received clonidine 3ug/kg injected slowly when entered the PACU,and patients in control group received same volume of NS. Esmolol and Nitroglycerin were used to adjust the hemadynamics. The changing of hemadynamics was recorded,blood samples were taken before operation,2 hours after entering PACU,before discharge from PACU to determine the changing of plasma catecholamine. RESULTS The hemadynamics was more stable in clonidine group than that in control group and less vasoactive agents were needed. The plasma catecholamine was much lower in clonidine group 2 hours after entering PACU and before discharge from PACU than that in control group. CONCLUSION Clonidine could be administered to stabilize the hemadinamics,to lower the level of stress hormone and could improve the recovery of the patients.