Mitofusin-2 (Mfn2) gene expression is positively correlated with insulin sensitivity in patients with type 2 diabetes. However, it is unclear if Mfn2 is involved in carbohydrate metabolism and lipid homeostasis. In order to investigate the specific functions of Mfn2 in glycometabolism and lipid homeostasis in BALB/c mice, a RNA interference technique-mediated hydrodynamic injection was developed, in which short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) were used to inhibit the Mfn2 expression in vivo. Seventy-two mice were randomly divided into two groups: the Mfn2 reduction group (Mfn2/shRNA) and the negative control group (NC). Intraperitoneal glucose tolerance tests and intraperitoneal insulin tolerance tests were used to evaluate glycometabolism and insulin sensitivity. D-(3-(3)H) glucose or (3)H(2)O was injected into the tail vein or intraperitoneally to facilitate the calculation of the rate of hepatic glucose production and fatty acid synthesis in vivo. The results showed that, in Mfn2/shRNA mice, the liver Mfn2 protein was significantly decreased, and fasting blood glucose concentrations were increased by approximately 48%, when compared with the NC mice. In parallel with the changes in fasting glucose levels, hepatic glucose production was significantly elevated in Mfn2/shRNA mice. When insulin was administrated, these mice exhibited impaired insulin tolerance. It was also found that the reduction of Mfn2 markedly decreased the rate of fatty acid synthesis in the liver, and the Mfn2/shRNA mice exhibited hypertriglyceridema. Taken together, our results indicate that Mfn2 plays an important role in maintaining glucose and lipid homeostasis, and in the development of insulin resistance in vivo.

Objective To study the correlation between diabetes and the new discovered angiopietin-related growth factor (AGF)that participates in energy metabolism.MethodsA total of 24 male C.57BL/6 mice were divided into three groups:controlled group; fed with high-fat diet( HFD); fed with high-fat diet for 10 weeks and then treated with rosiglitazone ( HFD + RSG) ; The relative level of AGF mRNA expression in livers was measured by determining a ratio of PCR products of AGF to that of β-actin gene.Oral glucose tolerance test,and insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) were used to measure blood glucose level and insulin sensitivity.Results Compared with the controls,the expression of AGF mRNA in liver decreased significantly in HFD group( P ＜0.05),and increased significantly in HFD + RSG group( P＜0.01 ).A negative correlation was found between AGF mRNA expression in mice livers and HOMA score ( r =-0.516,P ＜ 0.05 ).Conclusions AGF as a new hepatocyte derived circulating factor counteracts obesity and is related to insulin resistance.

Suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS)-3 is a negative regulator of interleukin (IL)-6 signal transduction. The results showed that IL-6 was not only correlated with insulin resistance but also capable to induce the expression of SOCS-3.Thus the high expression of SOCS-3 mRNA may contribute to one of the mechanisms of IL-6 dependent insulin resistance.

Objective To investigate the relationship among the leptin receptor(lepr) gene exon 20,nucleotide 3057 G→A transition and lipid metabolism,insulin sensitivity index,high blood coagulation in type2 diabetes mellitus.Methods Polymerase chain reaction(PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphism(RFLP) were used to detect the variation of leptin receptor gene nucleotide 3057 G→A transition;Simultaneusly,we detected some parameters,including blood lipids,height,weight,blood glucose,waistline to hipline ratio(WHR).The body mass index(BMI),fat percent,insulin sensitivity index(ISI) were calculated out in all subjects.Results The variation frequency at 3057 nucleotide G→A transiton was 80% in type 2 diabetic group,though it was 68% in control group(P

Human insulin gene(PCMV.INS) is successfully transferred and expressed into N1H3T3 cell by chitosan mediation.This is helpful in the research of the gene therapy of type 1 diabetes.

Objective: To analyze the genetic characteristics of the hemagglutinin(HA) and neuraminidase(NA) genes of the influenza A/H1N1(09pdm) viruses isolated in the city of Yancheng in 2014-2017. Methods: The throat swab specimens of patients with influenza-like illness (ILI) from sentinel surveillance hospitals and outbreak sites were detected using the method of real time RT-PCR. The influenza A/H1N1(09pdm) viruses were isolated using MDCK cell culture method in 2014-2017. The strains in 2014-2017 were selected randomly and their sequences of the HA1 and NA genes were amplified through one step RT -PCR method and the PCR products were sequenced. The mutations of genes and acid locus were analyzed and the evolutional trees were generated using bioinformatics software. Results: The clustering relationships of the respective branches of HA1 and NA genes of seventeen A/H1N1(09pdm) strains isolated in Yancheng area were basically the same and the phylogenetic trees of HA1 and NA genes were respectively clustered into four evolutionary branches. Compared with the vaccine strain A/California/07/2009(H1N1pdm)in the Northern Hemisphere, a total of three antigen epitopes (Ca, Sa, Sb) in HA1 genes of strains in Yancheng area were involved in six antigenic sites (K154R, S162N, K163Q, S185T, L191I, S203T); there were three mutations (D222G/N, G223R, E224K) in the 220 ring and one locus (L191I) in the 190 helix of the receptor binding sites; the two strains (A/Jiangsu-YC/SWL1540/2017, A/Jiangsu-YC/SWL1545/2017) isolated in 2017 increased the 162NQS glycosylation site. Because the strains of the antigen epitopes, receptor binding sites and glycosylation sites in the HA1 genes had a certain degree of variations in Yancheng area in 2014-2017, the protective effects of vaccine strain A/California/07/2009 (H1N1pdm) was limited at the gene level. The two strains (A/Jiangsu-YC/SWL1540/2017 and A/Jiangsu-YC/SWL1545/2017) isolated in 2017 were clustered with vaccine strain A/Michigan/45/2015(H1N1pdm) and had better protective effects. Seventeen A/H1N1(09pdm) strains had no mutations in catalytic residues and drug resistant sites of NA genes, but a part of strains had a certain degree of variations in glycosylation sites of NA genes. Conclusions These results indicated the HA1 and NA genes of influenza A/H1N1(09pdm) viruses circulated in Yancheng area in 2014-2017 changed gradually. The accumulation of these mutations would result in antigenic drift of influenza A/H1N1(09pdm) viruses.

Objective: To analyze the genotypes and the genetic evolution of the hemagglutinin genes of measles viruses in the city of Yancheng in 2016. Methods: Using a set of primers and probes for screening positive for measles viruses, specimens of throat swab were detected using the method of real time RT-PCR. The sequences of the nucleoprotein and hemagglutinin genes of measles viruses were amplified through one step RT-PCR method and the PCR products were sequenced. The sequences of nucleotide and amino acid of the nucleoprotein and hemagglutinin genes of measles viruses were analyzed and the evolutional trees were generated using bioinformatics software. Results: The genotypes of measles viruses in the Yancheng area in 2016 included subgenotype H1a and genotype D8. Phylogenetic trees analysis showed that the five representative strains of subgenotype H1a in Yancheng area and Jiangxi representative strain (KJ136545) clustered into independent evolutionary branches, belonged to the clade of H1a -1 evolutionary genes. The seven representative strains of genotype D8 in Yancheng area were clustered with the American representative strain in 2009 (JN635404), belonged to the D8-3-2 small clade genes. Compared with vaccine strain of Shanghai S191, the amino acid site in 240^thof the five representative strains of subgenotype H1a in Yancheng area mutated from serine to asparagine, leading to a loss of the N-glycosylation site NLS_238-240. The seven representative strains of genotype D8 in Yancheng area had no change in N-glycosylation. Conclusions In 2016, the prevalent strains of measles viruses in Yancheng area were mainly Chinese H1a dominant subgenotype and D8 imported genotype. In addition to a loss of the N-glycosylation site NLS_238-240in 240^thof the five representative strains of subgenotype H1a, most of the major neutralizing antigen sites of hemagglutinin gene of measles viruses in Yancheng area did not mutate. The Chinese vaccine of Shanghai S191 can effectively prevent infection caused by subgenotype H1a and subgenotype D8 strains.

Objective To understand the prevalence of soil-transmitted nematode infections in Yancheng City from 2016 to 2020, so as to provide insights into the development of the scheme for further soil-transmitted nematodiasis surveillance. Methods Soil-borne nematode infections were detected using the modified Kato-Katz method (two slides for one sample) among the permanent residents living in Yancheng City from 2016 to 2020, and Enterobius vermicularis infection was additionally detected among children at ages of 12 years and lower using the adhesive cellophane-tape perianal swab method. The prevalence and intensity of human soil-borne nematode and E. vermicularis infections were descriptively analyzed. Results A total of 51 259 person-time residents were detected for soil-borne nematode infections in Yancheng City from 2016 to 2020, and 48 egg-positives were identified, with a 0.09% prevalence. The soil-borne nematodes infecting residents included Ascaris lumbricoides, hookworm and Trichuris trichiura, with 0.04%, 0.05% and 0.002% prevalence rates of infections, and all infections were mild. There was a region-specific prevalence of soil-borne nematode infections in Yancheng City (χ² = 18.21, P = 0.02), with the highest prevalence seen in Funing County (0.21%), while no infections were detected in Dafeng District for five successive years. The overall prevalence of E. vermicularis infections was 0.22% among children at ages of 12 years and lower in Yancheng City. Conclusions The prevalence of soil-borne nematode infections appears a gradual decline in residents living in Yancheng City from 2016 to 2020, and is at an extremely low level. Further surveillance of soil-transmitted nematodiasis requires to be intensified targeting key regions and populations to consolidate the control achievements.

Objective To explore the effect of schisanhenol on adipokine expression in 3T3-L1 adipocyte and its related mechanism. Methods 3T3-L1 adipocyte was cultured in vitro and induced to differentiation and maturity. Glucokinase was added to culture medium to make an oxidative model. The expression of adipocytokines were detected under the circumstance of different doses and at different time points of schisanhenol. Results The expression of adiponectin, leptin, resistin and visfatin were decreased with the increase of glucokinase concentration. Concentration-dependent inhibition effect was most obvious in leptin (25 mU/ml Glucokinase vs Blank group, t =7.29, P＜0.01). With pretreatment of oxidative stress, the adipocytokines increased as the doses of schisanhenol increased (t=6.31,P＜0.01 in adiponectin;t=5.92, P＜0.01 in leptin; t=3.77, P＜0.05 in resistin; t=3.63,P＜0.05 in visfatin). With the extension of schisanhenol effect, the expression of four adipokines showed the process of first decrease-then increase'. The effects of schisanhenol on adipokines were parallel with the alteration of oxidative stress. Conclusions Schisanhenol increased adipocytokines expression in 3T3-L1 adipocyte by reducing oxidative stress, and the increase of leptin and adiponectin were most obvious, which indicated that schisanhenol could play a role in the treatment of diabetes by Chinese herb wuweizi.

Objective To investigate the changes of insulin resistance and islet β cell function in gout patients with different status of glucose metabolism, and to analyse metabolic features in gout patients with hyperglycemia. Methods Ninety-six patients with gout were consecutively enrolled into the study and were divided into normal glucose tolerance group ( NGT, n = 35 ) , impaired glucose regulation group ( IGR, n = 27 ) , and diabetic group (DM, n=34). Height, weight, blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose, fasting insulin, HbA1C,serum uric acid, C-reactive protein (CRP), total cholesterol (TC), and triglycerides were determined in all subjects. Body mass index (BMI), homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR),homeostasis model assessment for β cell function index (HOMA-B), and insulin sensitivity index (ISI) were calculated. Results Compared with the NGT group, the levels of BMI, 2hPG, fasting insulin, HbA1C,TC,triglycerides, CRP, HOMA-IR in the DM and IGR groups were higher while ISI was lower (0.023±0.018 and 0.024±0.017 vs 0. 052±0. 026, P<0.05 ). HOMA-B was significantly different among the three groups ( 87.6±25. 1,126.46±34. 2, and 173.75±32.1, P<0.05). Family history of diabetes was more commonly seen in DM group than NGT group ( 41.17% vs 11.4%, P< 0.05 ). Logistic analysis showed that age, BMI, systolic blood pres(s)ure, triglyceride, CRP, and ISI were independently associated with diabetes, but not with uric acid.Conclusions Severe insulin resistance, β cell dysfunction, increased BMI and CRP, lipid disorders, and hereditary susceptibility may be the main metabolic features of gout patients with hyperglycemia.