Objective To investigate the cognitive-communication ability of people aged 20-30 years in China. Methods 139 normal participants took part in the Cookie Theft test. 8 different indexes were used to analyze the language samples. These indexes were total words number, the percentage of incorrect statement, dysfluencies, providing structure support, repetition, content units, elaborations of content units and irrelevancies. Results The rater consistence reliability was 1, 0.89, 0.85, 0.93, 0.92, 0.98, 0.98, 0.62, respectively. Conclusion The norms have acceptable reliability.

ObjectiveTo investigate the relationship between the presentation of color knowledge and the motion knowledge. Methods39 patients with brain injury and 39 healthy volunteers were recruited in this study. They were tested with the color attribute judgment task and the motion attribute judgment task. Group analysis and case analysis were taken to investigate the correlation and dissociation between these two tasks. ResultsGroup analysis revealed a positive correlation between the color attribute judgment and the motion attribute judgment task. As for case analysis, 5 patients showed significantly better performance on color attribution judgment than motion attribution judgment. In contrast, another 5 patients showed significantly better performance on motion attribute judgment than color attribute judgment. ConclusionColor knowledge and motion knowledge are represented independently in the brain, which is consistent with the distributed semantic memory theory.

ObjectiveTo study the relationship between representations of verbal sound and non-verbal sound in the brain. Methods39 patients with brain injury and 39 healthy volunteers were recruited in this study. They were tested with the sound-verification task (a non-verbal sound test) and the sound attribute judgment task (a verbal sound test). The software developed by Crawford and Garthwaite was used for data analysis. ResultsGroup analysis revealed a positive correlation between the verbal sound test and non-verbal sound test. As for case analysis, some patients were impaired in the comprehension of verbal sound test, but normal in the comprehension of non-verbal sound test. In contrast, some patients were impaired in the comprehension of non-verbal sound test, but normal in the comprehension of verbal sound test. ConclusionVerbal sound and non-verbal sound are represented independently in the brain. In the process of language rehabilitation of aphasia, attention should not only be paid to verbal sound training, but also to non-verbal sound training.

Objective To establish the Cookie Theft Test for Chinese norms. Methods 29 normal participants and 17 patients with stroke finished the Cookie Theft Test. The language samples were analyzed in 7 different indexes which are incorrect statement (IS), dysfluencies (DF), providing structure support (PS), repetitions (RP), content units (CU), elaborations of content units (EC) and irrelevancies (IR). Besides, the total words of language samples were counted. The scores of normal participants in 8 indexes were regarded as norms. And the scores of patients in 8 indexes were used to test the validity of the norms. Results The test-retest reliability was r(IS)=0.92, r(DF)=0.89, r(PS)= 0.98, r(RP)=0.84, r(CU)=0.96, r(EC)=0.88 and r(IR)=0.99, respectively. 12 out of 17 patients were distinguished by the norms. Conclusion The norms of Cookie Theft have acceptable reliability and validity and can be applied to clinical diagnoses and scientific researches

Objective To study the default mode network (DMN) of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) related to leukoaraiosis (LA) with resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI). Methods 31 LA patients (Clinical Dementia Rating of 0.5) and 27 normal controls (Clinical Dementia Rating of 0, and matched in age, gender and lever of education) were scanned with the rs-fMRI. The data was analyzed with SPM5 software, using independent component analysis. The differences between the both groups were compared with two-sample t-test. Results The DMN during resting-state of normal controls was posterior cingulate cortex/precuneus, bilateral medial frontal cortex, bilateral middle temporal gyrus, bilateral inferior parietal gyrus, angular gyrus, bilateral hippocampus. The DMN of MCI group was consistent with the normal controls, but the activation decreased in anterior cingulate cortex/left medial frontal lobe, right parahippcampus/ uncus, right inferior temporal gyrus, left deep frontal white matter/head of caudate nucleus; and increased in the left caudate nucleus/anterior cingulate cortex, left frontal lobe, and left superior temporal gyrus/inferior parietal gyrus. Conclusion Activation of resting-state functional network is disorder in LA, which may relate to cognitive impairment.

Objective To find biological markers to predict the mathematical cognitive ability in order to set patients free from the pain and time-consuming behavioral tests. Methods 86 patients with stroke or brain traumatic injuries were recruited and acquired T1 and rest-ing-state functional MRI imaging data. And a mathematical task (7 calculation items, 2 counting items) and a word-reading task (140 items) was also finished. The partial correlative analysis was made between the score of mathematical task and the amplitude of low frequency fluc-tuation of each voxel of the whole brain with the word-reading performance as controlling task, and AlphaSim correction method was used with corrected P<0.05 (single voxel level:P<0.05;cluster size:>110 voxels). Results There were 5 cerebral regions whose amplitude of low frequency fluctuation significantly correlated with mathematical performance:left inferior parietal lobule (161 voxels, rpeak=0.34), left precu-neus/superior parietal lobule (141 voxels, rpeak=0.31), left middle temporal gyrus (359 voxels, rpeak=0.34), left middle frontal gyrus (491 vox-els, rpeak=0.36), and right middle frontal gyrus (156 voxels, rpeak=0.32). Conclusion The amplitude of low frequency fluctuation of left inferior parietal lobule, precuneus/superior parietal lobule, middle temporal gyrus, middle frontal gyrus, and right middle frontal gyrus could be used as predictors of mathematical cognitive ability for brain-damaged patients.

ObjectiveToevaluatethelevelofsemanticmemoryofpatientswithbraininjuryusinglocalizationofsemanticmemorytest,andtocomparethedifferenceofsemanticmemorybetweenpatientgroupandnormalcontrolgroup,andtoanalyzetherelationshipbetweensemanticmemoryimpairmentandthepositionofbraininjury.Methods25patientswithbraininjury(16withleft braininjury,9withrightbraininjury)and24normalpersonsweretestedwithassociationjudgmenttestofpictureandwordversion.ResultsThescoresofassociationjudgmenttestofbothpictureandwordversionwerelowerinleftbraininjuredpatientsthan normalcontrols(P<001)orrightbraininjured(P<005).Thescoresofpicturecorrelatedwithwordversion(r=0542,P<001).Theincidenceofsemanticmemoryimpairmentwasmoreinleftbraininjurythanright(P<001),aswellasintheleftbasal gangliainjurythanright(P<005).ConclusionAssociationjudgmenttestofpictureandwordversioncanbeusedtoevaluatethe levelofsemanticmemoryofpatients.Semanticmemoryimpairmentisoftenseeninpatientswithbraininjury.Semanticmemoryis lefthemispherelateralized.

Visual object recognition in humans and nonhuman primates is achieved by the ventral visual pathway (ventral occipital-temporal cortex, VOTC), which shows a well-documented object domain structure. An on-going question is what type of information is processed in the higher-order VOTC that underlies such observations, with recent evidence suggesting effects of certain visual features. Combining computational vision models, fMRI experiment using a parametric-modulation approach, and natural image statistics of common objects, we depicted the neural distribution of a comprehensive set of visual features in the VOTC, identifying voxel sensitivities with specific feature sets across geometry/shape, Fourier power, and color. The visual feature combination pattern in the VOTC is significantly explained by their relationships to different types of response-action computation (fight-or-flight, navigation, and manipulation), as derived from behavioral ratings and natural image statistics. These results offer a comprehensive visual feature map in the VOTC and a plausible theoretical explanation as a mapping onto different types of downstream response-action systems.

Objective To construct the Chinese Semantic Battery and evaluate the significance of clinical application. Methods 45 normal subjects and 100 patients with brain damage finished the Chinese Semantic Battery, including Oral Picture Naming, Picture Pyramids and Palm Trees Test, Word Pyramids and Palm Trees Test, Word Picture Verification and Word Reading. The scores of normal subjects were as norms, and the sensibility, specificity, and Youden's index of the patients were calculated. Results The sensitivity of the battery was 0.96,and the sensitivity of each task was 0.78, 0.68, 0.66, 0.72 and 0.64, respectively. The specificity was 0.96, 0.96, 0.98, 0.96 and 1.00, respectively.Youden's index was 0.60, 0.46, 0.42, 0.39 and 0.50, respectively. Conclusion The validity of norms of Chinese Semantic Battery is acceptable for semantic impairments and can be applied to clinical diagnoses and scientific researches.

Visual object recognition in humans and nonhuman primates is achieved by the ventral visual pathway (ventral occipital-temporal cortex, VOTC), which shows a well-documented object domain structure. An on-going question is what type of information is processed in the higher-order VOTC that underlies such observations, with recent evidence suggesting effects of certain visual features. Combining computational vision models, fMRI experiment using a parametric-modulation approach, and natural image statistics of common objects, we depicted the neural distribution of a comprehensive set of visual features in the VOTC, identifying voxel sensitivities with specific feature sets across geometry/shape, Fourier power, and color. The visual feature combination pattern in the VOTC is significantly explained by their relationships to different types of response-action computation (fight-or-flight, navigation, and manipulation), as derived from behavioral ratings and natural image statistics. These results offer a comprehensive visual feature map in the VOTC and a plausible theoretical explanation as a mapping onto different types of downstream response-action systems.
Animals ; Brain Mapping ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Occipital Lobe ; Pattern Recognition, Visual ; Photic Stimulation ; Temporal Lobe ; Visual Pathways/diagnostic imaging* ; Visual Perception