With the wide use of nanomaterials in biomedicine,materials,chemicals and other fields,their environmental exposure and cellular toxicity have come to the attention of researchers as a new research area in the field of nanotoxicology and nanomedicine. Researches on the toxic effects of nanomaterials have not only provided of a theoretical basis for safety evaluation of nanomaterials ,but also promoted the have applications of nanotechnology. Numerous studies have revealed cell death is closely associated with the toxicity of nanomaterials. In this paper,we elaborated on the roles of three key cell death modes in nanotoxicity,including autophagy,apoptosis,and necrosis. Furthermore,the pos?sible mechanisms involved in these three modes were explored. All this will provide reference for safety evaluation of nanomaterials.

Objective　To investigate the effect of intratumor injection of 131I-3H11 for gastric cancer (GC). Methods　16 patients with GC subjected to endoscopic intratumor injection of 131I-3H11 as a treatment group; 6 GC patients with FAM chemotherapy as a control group. Histological examination of the postoperative specimens of the two group were comparated. Results　In treatment group, 75.0%(12/16) of cases were found to have morphological changes with karyopyknosis, karyorrhexis, coagulation of cytoplasm, and invasion of lymphocyte in mesochyma. Most of these changes were medial; but in control group no obvious morphological change was found. Conclusions　The results suggest that GC subjected to endoscopic intratumor injection of 131I-3H11 preoperatively has promising application in the clinic.

Objective To explore the biomechanis with different bone density by the pedicle screws fixation before and after fatigue test.Thus provide biomechanical basis for the clinical work.Methods A total of 27 fresh lumbar vertebrae samples of adult sheep (L1-L5) were equally divided into three groups,such as group A of decalcified with HCL 0 h,group B of decalcified with HCL 2 h and group C of decalcified with HCL 4 h,by using the random number table method,every groups was 9 models.Four screws was performed on the L4-L5 pedicle of vertebral arch of the three groups.Three groups were performed fatigue test of 250 000 times in 4 direction (flexion,extension,left lateral bending,right lateral bending) by (300+ 105) N load.The range of motion(ROM),the axial compressive stiffness were measured and the results in every group were compared before and after fatigue test.Results After fatigue test,ROM and the axial compressive stiffness had no significant change in group A (P＞0.05),but ROM of B group and C group were both increased and the axial compressive stiffness were decreased,Significance was found with and between groups.Conclusion The stability of people who are performed pedicle screws simplly may be decrease when the spine of osteopenia.

Objective To investigate the effect of intratumor injection of 131 I 3H11 for gastric cancer (GC). Methods 16 patients with GC subjected to endoscopic intratumor injection of 131 I 3H11 as a treatment group; 6 GC patients with FAM chemotherapy as a control group. Histological examination of the postoperative specimens of the two group were comparated. Results In treatment group, 75.0%(12/16) of cases were found to have morphological changes with karyopyknosis, karyorrhexis, coagulation of cytoplasm, and invasion of lymphocyte in mesochyma. Most of these changes were medial; but in control group no obvious morphological change was found. Conclusions The results suggest that GC subjected to endoscopic intratumor injection of 131 I 3H11 preoperatively has promising application in the clinic.

Objective To study the effect of Chinese wild rice diet on lipid metabolism in rats. Method Forty four male SD rats were divided into 4 groups:control group, high lipid group, white rice-flour group and Chinese wild rice group. All groups were given different experimental diets for 8 w and body weights, serum TC, TG, HDL-C, high sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), TNF-? and IL-6 were measured. Results The hyperlipidemic rat model was successfully induced. When compared with high lipid group and white rice-flour diet group, serum TG and TC contents were significantly decreased, and HDL-C significantly increased in the Chinese wild rice group. Moreover, Chinese wild rice group had lower contents of serum hs-CRP and TNF-? than those in high lipid group and white rice-flour group, but no effect on serum IL-6. Conclusion Chinese wild rice could improve lipid metabolism and low-grade inflammation of hyperlipidemic rats induced by high lipid diet.

This study examined the effects of TRAIL-endostatin-based gene-radiotherapy on cellular growth, apoptosis and cell cycle progression in human vascular endothelial cells ECV304 in vitro. The expression of TRAIL and endostatin protein in ECV304 cells was detected by ELISA after the transfection of recombinant plasmid pshuttle-Egr1-shTRAIL-shES and X-ray irradiation. Then MTT assay was used for determining the cellular proliferation, and flow cytometry (FCM) plus Annexin V and propidium iodide (PI) double-staining or PI single-staining were employed for the detection of apoptosis and cell cycle progression. The results showed that expression of TRAIL and endostatin protein exhibited a time- and dose-dependent change in ECV304 cells after pshuttle-Egr1-shTRAIL-shES transfection in conjunction with irradiation. In the TRAIL-endostatin-based single- or double-gene-radiotherapy, the cell viability declined in a time- and dose-dependent manner, the percentage of cells at G(2)/M phase and apoptotic rate was increased, and the percentage of cells at G(0)/G(1) phase was lowered as compared with those receiving radiotherapy alone. Moreover, TRAIL-endostatin-based double-gene-radiotherapy demonstrated better effects on growth inhibition, promotion of apoptosis and induction of cell cycle arrest in ECV304 cells than single-gene-radiotherapy.

Objective To investigate the cytotoxicity of silica nanoparticles on vascular endothelial cells, and to clarify its action mechanism.Methods The 60 nm silica nanoparticle was selected and the invitro cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs)were used as cell model.The HUVECs were divided into control and silica nanoparticle exposure groups with concentrations of 12.5,25.0,and 100.00 mg·L-1 .MTT assay was used for the determination of cell viability,lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)release assay for membrane integrity,flow cytometry (FCM)for intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS)content,and real-time PCR assay for intracellular NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2 ), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1 ), superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2 ) and glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit (GCLC)mRNA levels.Results The MTT results showed that the cell viabilities in each silica nnaoparticle exposure group were decreased compared with control group in a dose-dependent manner. Upon the silica nanoparticle exposure for 12 h,the cell viability was declined significantly only in 100 mg·L-1 exposure group compared with control group (P<0.05).When exposured for 24 h,the cell viabilities in 25.0, 50.0,and 100.0 mg·L-1 exposure groups were declined significantly compared with control group (P<0.05). Under the exposure to silica nanoparticle with the same dose, the cell viabilities were decreased along with the elongation of exposure time.LDH assay and FCM showed that except for that in 12.5 mg·L-1 exposure group, both the LDH activities in media and intracellular ROS levels in other exposure groups were increased compared with control group (P<0.05 ). The results of real-time fluorescence PCR showed that the mRNA levels of Nrf2, HO-1,SOD2 and GCLC in 100 mg·L-1 silica nanoparticle exposure group were increased significantly compared with control group (P<0.05).Conclusion Silica nanoparticles have toxicity to vascular endothelial cells,which includes reducing cell viability,membrane integrity destruction,induction of ROS generation,and tranSCriptional regulation of redox-related factors. Oxidative damage is one of the mechanisms of vascular endothelial toxicity mediated by silica nanoparticles.

Objective To construct the pshuttle-Egr-1-hSmac plasmid and transfect human breast cancer MDA-MB-435 cells,and to observe its radiotherapy enhancing effect on tumor cells.Methods The empty vector pshuttle and pshuttle-Egr-1-hSmac plasmid were transfected into MDA-MB-435 cells by liposomal.At different time(4,8,12,24 and 48 h)after irradiation with 2.0 Gy X-ray and 24 h after irradiation with 0.5 -5.0 Gy,the total RNA and protein were collected and extracted from these cells to analyze the Smac mRNA and protein expression levels with RT-PCR and Western blotting methods. The cells were divided into control, pshuttle, pshuttle-Egr-1-hSmac,2.0 Gy irradiation group, pshuttle + 2.0 Gy irradiation and pshuttle-Egr-1-hSmac+2.0 Gy irradiation groups.MTT method was used to evaluate cell proliferation,and the cell survival ability was measured with clone formation assay;Annexin Ⅴ/PI double staining and PI single staining were used to examine the apoptosis and cell cycle of MDA-MB-435 cells. Results There was no Smac mRNA expression in MDA-MB-435 cells in control and pshuttle groups,but the Smac mRNA expression levels in MDA-MB-435 cells in pshuttle-Egr-1-hSmac plasmid group were gradually increased with the time prolongation, and reached the maximum at 24 and 48 h;the Smac mRNA expression levels in MDA-MB-435 cells were increased gradually 24 h after irradiation of 0.5 - 5.0 Gy X-ray with the increasing of irradiation doses, and reached the maximum after 2.0 and 5.0 Gy irradiation. The Smac protein expression levels in pshuttle-Egr-1-hSmac plasmid group were increased gradually with the time prolongation,and reached the maximum at 24 h.The Smac protein expression lervels were increased 24 h afer irradiation of 0,0.5,1.0,2.0 and 5.0 Gy X-ray,especially in 5.0 Gy group. The MTT results showed that the A490 values in 2.0 Gy,pshuttle+2.0 Gy and pshuttle-Egr-1-hSmac groups 24, 48,and 72 h after irradiation were lower than those in control group(P<0.01);the A490 values of MDA-MB-435 cells in pshuttle-Egr-1-hSmac group after 1.0-5.0 Gy X-ray irradiation were lower than those in 0 Gy group (P<0.05 or P<0.01);the survival fraction(SF)in pshuttle-Egr-1-hSmac group was lower than those in control group (P<0.01).The percentages of the cells at G0/G1 and S phase in pshuttle-Egr-1-hSmac group were lower than those in 2.0 Gy group(P<0.01),the percentage of the cells at G2/M phase was higher than that in 2.0 Gy group (P<0.01);the apoptotic rate of the cells in pshuttle-Egr-1-hSmac group was higher than that in 2.0 Gy group (P<0.01).Conclusion X-ray irradiation can significantly increase the Smac mRNA and protein expression levels in MDA-MB-435 cells transfected with pshuttle-Egr-1-hSmac plasmid,inhibit the cell survival rate,and induce G2/M arrest and apoptotic increasing;Smac gene combined with radiotherapy could significantly increase the radiosensitivity of breast cancer cells.

Objective To observe the effects of CoC12 treatment on the expression of Hypoxia-inducible factor-1(HIF-1α) in mice hippocampus at different time point.Methods Balb/c mice were injected with CoCl2 and the change of HIF-1 α was detected by western blot and immunofluorescence and confocal laser scanning microscope at different time point(0h,1h,2h,3h,4h,5h and 6h) after injection.Results The relative protein level of HIF-1α was 0.135 ±0.01,0.572 ±0.01,0.595 ±0.03,1.09 ±0.03,1.30 +0.04,1.275 ±0.03,0.947 ±0.03respectively at different time point after the injection.The HIF-1α protein level reached its peak value at 4 h and decreased at 5h and 6h.Fluorescence intensity of HIF-1α was 13.33 ± 3.42,30.95 ± 7.86,46.50 ± 9.65,61.50± 10.02,88.30 + 15.69,71.39 ± 11.28,67.41 ± 10.78 respectively at different time point after the injection.The HIF-1α fluorescence intensity also reached its peak value at 4 h and decreased at 5h and 6h.Conclusion Time dependent HIF-1α accumulation was in close correlation with the CoCl2.

Objective To investigate the accuracy and the consistency with pathological diagnosis of confocal laser endomicroscopy (CLE) in real-time diagnosis of gastric malignancy and precancerous diseases.MethodsFrom January 2010 to March 2011, the out-patients and hospitalized patients of suspected gastric malignancy or precancerous diseases in Shanghai Ruijin Hospital were screened and undergone confocal laser endomicroscopy.Fluorescein sodium was used as fluorescent agent in the examination.A four-tiered diagnostic system was applied in the real time diagnosis with CLE images, and targeted biopsy was performed accordingly. Surgery was performed in CLE diagnosed or highly malignancy suspected patients.The diagnosis of common endoscopy, CLE and pathology was reviewed.ResultsA total of 160 patients were enrolled in this study, of those one patient withdrew because of fluorescin allergy and the rest 159 patients completed the CLE examination.A total of 194 lesions were inspected, among them, 130 cases each with one lesion, 23 cases each with two lesions and 6 cases each with three lesions.Overall accuracy rate of CLE was 93.3％ (181/194).And the sensitivity and specificity of CLE in gastric malignancy diagnosis was 93.6 ％ and 99.3 ％ respectively.Ideal correlation was identified between confocal laser endomicroscopy and final pathology results (Kappa=0.876).The incidence of marked fluorescin-related adverse events was only 0.6％ (1/160). ConclusionsCLE is consistent with histopathology and is helpful to make accurate diagnosis of gastric malignancy and precancerous diseases.It is important in early diagnosis of gastric malignancy and helps to avoid misdiagnosis and missed diagnosis.