The stable quality of Chinese herbal medicines is a critical factor for their reliable clinical efficiency. An improved liquid-liquid extraction procedure and a liquid chromatographic method were developed to simultaneously analyze five anthraquinones (aloe-emodin, rhein, emodin, chrysophanol and physcion) in a Chinese traditional hospital preparation, Fuyankang mixture, in order to quantitatively control its quality in a more effective way.

Objective:To investigate the processing accuracy and biomechanical properties of 3D printed artificial bone trabeculae with different porosity generated by the Voronoi Tessellation algorithm, and to provide a reference for improving the biomechanical properties of titanium alloy implants in orthopedics.Methods:A healthy adult male volunteer (aged: 30 years, tall: 175 cm and weight: 70 kg) was selected to collect CT scan data of the lumbar spine. Five kinds of biomimetic artificial bone trabeculae with different porosity were generated using the Voronoi Tessellation algorithm, and divided into Tra_A (73.7%), Tra_B (74.1%), Tra_C (80.0%), Tra_D (80.2%) and Tra_E (85.7%) groups according to the porosity. Selective laser melting (SLM) 3D printing technology was used to process trabecular bone structures with different porosity into titanium alloy prosthesis with a diameter of 18 mm and a height of 20 mm. Each group had 3 samples. The internal structure of each sample was observed by industrial microscope, and the actual porosity of artificial bone trabecular of each group was calculated and compared with the theoretical porosity to evaluate the machining accuracy of artificial bone trabecular with different porosity. Finally, the ultimate load, yield strength and elastic modulus of each sample were evaluated by in vitro mechanical test, and the biomechanical properties of artificial bone trabeculae with different porosity were evaluated.Results:There were no cracks, fracture of connecting rod or accumulation of titanium alloy powder in all specimens. The average actual porosity of the five groups of artificial bone trabecular specimens was 66.0%, 65.5%, 71.8%, 72.5% and 78.1%, respectively. Compared with the theoretical porosity, it was smaller by 10.5%, 11.6%, 10.2%, 9.7% and 8.8%, respectively. In the in vitro mechanical tests for the five groups of artificial bone trabecular specimens, the mean value of ultimate load was 23.6 kN, 18.9 kN, 17.0 kN, 16.3 kN, 10.7 kN, respectively; the mean value of yield strength was 72.2 MPa, 58.7 MPa, 54.9 MPa, 52.2 MPa, and 36.1 MPa, respectively; the mean value of the actual elastic modulus was 7.5 GPa, 6.3 GPa, 4.5 GPa, 4.3 GPa and 2.4 GPa, respectively. With the increase of the porosity of artificial bone trabeculae, all three indicators above showed a decreasing trend. Conclusions:The artificial bone trabeculae generated by the Voronoi Tessellation algorithm and printed by SLM 3D have better machining quality. With the increase of porosity, the processing precision of the titanium alloy artificial bone tray specimens is better. Limit load, yield light and elastic modulus of artificial bone trabecula decrease with the increase of porosity.

BACKGROUND:Extracellular vesicles can regulate insulin resistance and control inflammatory response by participating in intercellular communication,while repairing skeletal muscles and promoting skeletal muscle regeneration,which is expected to be a novel treatment modality for sarcopenic obesity. OBJECTIVE:To review the biogenesis of extracellular vesicles,their biological functions,their relationship with sarcopenic obesity,and recent advances in the pathogenesis,diagnosis,and treatment of sarcopenic obesity. METHODS:The first author performed a computer search of PubMed,Embase,CNKI and other databases for relevant studies involving extracellular vesicle in sarcopenic obesity.The search keywords were"extracellular vesicle,exosome,sarcopenic obesity,obese sarcopenia,skeletal muscle regeneration,skeletal muscle mass regulation"in English and Chinese,respectively.The search period was from June 2022 to November 2022.After screening,87 articles were included for further review. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Extracellular vesicles are important vectors of bidirectional cell communication and participate in the regulation of normal physiological and pathological processes through autocrine,paracrine and endocrine ways.Sarcopenic obesity is a complex multi-factor disease.Extracellular vesicles are involved in the occurrence and development of sarcopenic obesity mainly by regulating the inflammatory response of skeletal muscle and the homeostasis of muscle cells.Cytokines secreted by adipose tissue and skeletal muscle are released into the extracellular circulation through extracellular vesicle encapsulation and interact with each other to promote skeletal muscle insulin resistance and lipogenesis,which is the main pathophysiology of skeletal muscle atrophy in sarcopenic obesity.Extracellular vesicles not only promote the development of sarcopenic obesity by providing specific pathogenic markers,but also are a valuable diagnostic indicator of sarcopenic obesity.Release of extracellular vesicles from skeletal muscle during exercise enhances metabolic response and promotes skeletal muscle regeneration.Extracellular vesicles can not only be used as therapeutic targets for sarcopenic obesity but also be used to treat sarcopenic obesity by loading drugs to effectively improve drug bioavailability.