OBJECTIVE:To provide reference for the improvement of supervision system of online drug sale in China. METH-ODS:Usingonline pharmacyonline drugstoreinternet drugssupervisionas keywords,CNKI,Wanfang database from Jan. 2015 to Jan. 2016 and related websites were retrieved,experience about legislation,legal provisions and regulatory bodies in the United States,Britain,Germany and other countries were summarized. The problems existing in the current supervision system in China were analyzed,and related suggestions were proposed. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS:The legal system of the online drug sale in the United States,Britain,Germany and other countries is more complete,legislation content is relatively perfect,pay-ing attention to the combination of administrative supervision and industry supervision. The supervision system of online drug sale in China exists problems as follows as legislation level relatively lower,conflict between laws and regulations;the legislation con-tent being not perfect,contents missing or provisions blur in many aspects;law enforcement existing in the government depart-ments,industry regulation being weak and others. It is suggested that the country should develop high-order law when improving the supervision system of online drug sale,modifying the existing law or promulgating the relevant specialized laws by legal form rather than regulations and rules;develop clear,actionable law and learn from foreign related systems (such as electronic evi-dence,blacklist)to improve legal contents;and further clear the powers and responsibilities of the regulatory authorities,actively develop industry associations(such as pharmaceutical association,etc.)to conduct supervision for online drug sale.

Objective To explore the therapeutic mechanism of Jiaotai Pill(JP) for restoring normal coordination between the heart and the kidney.Methods Fifty SD rats were equally randomized into normal group,model group,Huanglian(Rhizoma Coptidis,15g) group,Rougui(Cortex Cinnamomi,1.5g) group,and JP group(the ratio of Huanglian and Ruigui being 15∶1.5).Insomnia rat models were induced by intraperitoneal injection of one-dose para-chloroamphetamine acid(PCPA,300mg/kg),and the serum interleukin-1(IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor(TNF-?) levels were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA).Results In the model group,the serum levels of IL-1 and TNF-? were decreased(P0.05 compared with the model group),and increased in JP group(P

Objective To design and develop a kind of venipuncture auxiliary device to use in the absence of light condition or patients with poor vein condition, and validate its clinical effect. Methods A total of 70 patients with shock were divided into experimental group (venipuncture auxiliary device group with 37 cases) and control group (non-device group with 42 cases) by random digits table method. The one-time puncture success rate and operating time were compared between two groups. Results The one-time puncture success rate was 94.59%(35/37) in experimental group and 78.57%(33/42) in control group, and there was significant difference, χ2=4.214, P<0.05. The time of establishing a single vein passage was (73.63±29.35) s in experimental group and (107.61±45.94) s in control group, and there was significant difference, t=3.656, P<0.05. Conclusions The device is small in size, low cost, easy to carry, the screen is clear, is a rapid infusion with explore vascular equipment. It can guide nurses accurately on vascular puncture, fast, smooth and effective transfusion puncture process.

Objective To investigate the phenotype and the immunoregulatory function of CD8αα+TCRαβ+regulatory T cells in peripheral blood samples from mice.Methods The distribution profile and the phenotype of CD8αα+TCRαβ+regulatory T cells in C57BL/6 mice were detected by flow cytometry.The cytokines released by CD8αα+TCRαβ+regulatory T cells upon the stimulation with anti-CD3 antibody were analyzed by cytometric bead array.The in vitro immunosuppressive activity of CD8αα+TCRαβ+regulatory T cells on activated CD4+T cells was analyzed by using flow cytometry and carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester ( CFSE ) .An adoptive cell transfer assay was set up to evaluate the immunoprotective effects of CD8αα+TCRαβ+ regulatory T cells in a mouse model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis ( EAE) .Results CD8αα+TCRαβ+regulatory T cells were detected in liver, spleen and peripheral blood samples collected from na?ve C57BL/6 mice.Compared with CD8αβ+TCRαβ+regulatory T cells, CD8αα+TCRαβ+regulatory T cells showed a memory-activated phenotype of CD25+CD122high CD44high CD62Llow CD69high NK1.1+DX5+.CD8αα+TCRαβ+regulatory T cells could produce IL-2 after 24 hours stimulation with anti-CD3 antibody, followed by producing IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-4, IL-17A and traces of IL-6 and IL-10. In vitro, CD8αα+TCRαβ+regulatory T cells specifically suppressed the proliferation of activated CD4+T cells ( P<0.01 ).Moreover, they could delay the onset of EAE in mice and reduce clinical score (P<0.01).Conclusion CD8αα+TCRαβ+regulatory T cells were a unique population with immunoregula-tory function, which could be used as a potential therapeutic target in the treatment of autoimmune disease.

Objective: To evaluate whether epicardial fat volume (EFV) is related to coronary artery calcification in patients with chronic kidney disease(CKD). Method: Multi-slice computed tomography was performed in 30 healthy subjects and 120 patients with CKD. Cross-sectional tomographic cardiac slices from base to apex were traced semi-automatically using a Volume Viewer of AW4.3 off-line workstation, and EFV was measured by assigning Hounsfield units ranging from -250 to -30 HU to fat.The coronary artery calcification score was assessed by CaScoring software. High density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C), low density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C) and collecting the body mass index (BMI), dialysis route, history of diabetes and coronary artery disease were used to analyze the relationship between EFV and other risk factors in patients with CKD. Results: There were 60.8%(73/120) male (mean age 62.8 years) and 39.2%(47/120) female (mean age 66.6 years) in the patients cohort, 73.3%(88/120) patients had coronary artery disease, 55.8%(67/120) had diabetes, 21 patients were on peritoneal dialysis and 9 on hemodialysis. EFV was apparently higher in stage 4-5 D CKD group compared with the control group((140.03±54.71), (145.01±64.56)and (141.45±62.04) cm³ vs.(92.42±39.56)cm³, P=0.007, 0.015 and 0.001), was similar between CKD3 and control group, and EFV was significantly higher in peritoneal dialysis group than in hemodialysis group and in coronary artery disease group compared with no coronary artery disease group((140.67±70.31) cm³ vs.(105.22±61.49) cm³, P=0.002). EFV was obviously higher in diabetes group than no diabetes group((148.41±65.78) cm³ vs.(110.53±62.37) cm³, P=0.007). CACS was apparently increased in stage 3-5 CKD group compared with the control group(140.0 vs.4.3, P<0.001). (3)When the patients were divided into four groups according to the eGFR, EFV was positively associated with CACS(r_s=0.539, P=0.004) in control group, and the association become more robust in patients with CKD5(r_s=0.841, P<0.000 1). EFV was related to age(r=0.662, P=0.005), BMI(r=0.648, P=0.009)and HDL-C(r=-0.433, P=0.024), but not related to eGFR and LDL-C. EFV was related to CACS(r=0.427, R²=0.182 3, P<0.001). CACS was positively correlated to age and BMI (all P<0.05)and negatively correlated with eGFR(P<0.05). Conclusions Measurement of EFV may provide another useful noninvasive indicator of coronary artery calcification in CKD patients.

It is the key step of the occlusal reconstruction to determine the correct occlusal vertical dimension for edentulous patients. Although there are several methods in clinical practice, there is no ideal way. This paper summarizes the following methods: inter-occlusal distance, closest speaking space method, pre-extraction record, face proportion division method and facial appearance observation, cephalometric analysis, electromyography, swallowing, bite force determination and self feeling method. In this paper, the current research status and the feasibility of each method are discussed.

OBJECTIVE:To provide reference for guarantee the supply of short-landed drugs.METHODS:A questionnaire survey was conducted to investigate the drug shortage in 40 medical institutions in China.Based on the survey data,the econometric model was built to analyze the reasons for drug shortage in medical institutions.RESULTS:40 questionnaires were issued and 26 valid questionnaires were collected with effective recovery rate of 65.0％.The institutions surveyed received 87 samples of short-landed drugs,involving 33 drugs;82.8％ of short-landed drug samples were in short supply for more than 3 months,and even 21.8％ short-landed drug samples were in short supply for more than 12 months.The common reasons for drug shortage mainly included:not entering the provincial bidding directory;adopting the government pricing method;being redistribution system;not establishing provincial normal reserve mechanism.In addition to common reasons,there were some personality reasons for drug shortage based on the necessity of clinical needs,drug attributes and drug price.CONCLUSIONS:There are many reasons for the shortage of drugs in medical institutions.There are both common causes and personality reasons.It is necessary to solve many problems of drug shortage from the source,and it needs many policies and systems to cooperate with them.

Fifteen compounds were isolated from the stem (with skin removed) of Sinocalamus affinis by a combination of various chromatographic techniques including silica gel, macroporous adsorbent resin, Sephadex LH-20, and preparative HPLC. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic data as ( + )-(1S, 2R)-1, 2-bis (4-hydroxy- 3-methoxyphenyl)-1, 3-propanediol (1), threo-guaiacylglycerol-beta-O-4'-coniferyl ether(2), erythro-guaiacylglycerol-beta-O-4'-coniferyl ether(3), ( + )-(7S, 8R, 8'R)-5'-methoxylariciresinol(4), ( + )-(7S, 8R, 8'R)-5, 5'-dimethoxylariciresinol (5), ( +/- )-glaberide I (6), ( - )-syringaresinol (7), ( - )-medioresinol(8), ( - )-(8R, 8R')-4, 4'-dihydroxy-3, 3', 5, 5'-tetramethoxyligna-9, 9'-diol(9), ( - )-secoisolariciresinol-9, 9'-acetonide (10), and ( + )-lyoniresinol (11); a new natural product 2, 6-dimethoxypyran4-one (12), and beta-sitosterol, 4-hydroxycinnamic acid, and 2, 6-dimethoxy-p-benzoquinone. These compounds were isolated from the genus Sinocalamus for the first time, compound 10 should be an artifact.
Chromatography ; methods ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; Lignans ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Plant Stems ; chemistry ; Poaceae ; chemistry

Objective To investigate the clinical features of patients with bronchiectasis of different types.Methods One hundred and twenty two patients with bronchiectasis at stable stage were recruited from January 2014 to July 2015.The patients were typed as cystic bronchiectasis (n =45) or non-cystic bronchiectasis (n =77) by high resolution CT (HRCT),expectoration bronchiectasis (n =80) or dry brochiectasis (n =42) by clinical symptoms,bacterial colonization (n =42) or non-bacterial colonization (n =80) by sputum culture.The modified British Medical Research Council (mMRC) dyspnea scale,Leicester Cough Questionnaire (LCQ),St George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) and pulmonary function test were used to assess the clinical features,and the episodes of exacerbations and hospitalization,and mortality during 1-year follow-up were documented.Results mMRC dyspnea scale (1.90 ± 0.94 vs.2.90±1.09,t=-5.040),LCQ (16.20±4.60 vs.11.20±2.20,t=8.114),SGRQ (36.80±13.10 vs.52.06±22.10,t=-4.780),FEV1％ pred (68.45 ±26.50 vs.52.22 ±20.60,t=3.458),FVC％ pred (72.20 ±26.32 vs.63.10 ±21.42,t =2.058),FEV1/FVC (75.14 ±20.52 vs.58.12 ± 19.82,t =4.546),diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (DLCO) (76.24 ± 28.40 vs.54.32 ± 21.20,t =4.400),episodes of exacerbations (Z =-8.272) and hospitalization during 1-year follow-up [6(14.29％) vs.29(36.25％),x2 =6.495] in patients with dry bronchiectasis were significantly better than those in patients with expectoration bronchiectasis (all P ＜ 0.05).mMRC dyspnea scale (3.20 ± 2.10vs.2.10±1.40,t=3.131),LCQ (10.12±2.63vs.16.22 ±3.22,t=11.365),SGRQ (54.80± 18.12 vs.34.06 ± 12.10,t =6.839) and FEV1％ pred (46.52 ± 22.55 vs.58.22 ± 24.62,t=-2.611),FVC％ pred (60.24± 18.22 vs.70.10±24.20,t =-2.547),FEV1/FVC (62.54± 19.02vs.73.12 ±18.42,t=-3.025),DLCO (62.24 ±22.40 vs.74.52 ±26.26,t=-2.627),episodes of exacerbations (Z =10.213) and hospitalizations during 1-year follow-up [21 (46.67 ％) vs.14 (18.18％),x2 =1 1.260] in patients with cystic bronchiectasis were significantly more severe than those in patients with non-cystic bronchiectasis (all P ＜ 0.05).mMRC dyspnea scale (2.38 ± 1.45 vs.1.92 ± 1.14,t =2.175),LCQ (12.82 ±2.12 vs.16.20 ±3.96,t =-6.140),SGRQ (54.22±21.50 vs.41.20 ± 14.60,t =3.521) and FEV1 ％ pred (54.20 ± 21.60 vs.66.45 ± 28.24,t =-2.668),FVC％ pred (63.10 ±24.32 vs.73.46 ±25.30,t =-2.177),FEV1/FVC (62.22 ±20.80 vs.72.14 ±24.36,t =-2.243),DLCO (58.52 ± 20.42 vs.69.22 ± 25.60,t =-2.344),episodes of exacerbation (Z =19.352) and hospitalization during 1-year follow-up [19 (45.24％) vs.16 (20.00％),x2 =8.575] in patients with bacterial colonization bronchiectasis were significantly more severe than those in patients with non-bacterial colonization bronchiectasis (all P ＜ 0.05).However,there was no significant difference in mortality during 1-year follow-up (all P ＞ 0.05) among patients with different types of bronchiectasis.Conclusion Patients with cystic,bacterial colonization and expectoration types of bronchiectasis seem to have more severe symptoms,more episodes of exacerbations and hospitalizations than those of non-cystic,non-bacteria colonization and dry types of bronchiectasis.

Objective:To systematically review the teaching effect of problem-based learning (PBL) combined with evidence-based medicine (EBM) teaching mode on the standardized residency training.Methods:CNKI, Wanfang database, VIP database, SinoMed, Embase, PubMed and Web of SCI databases were searched, and the randomized controlled trial (RCT) studies of the application of EBM combined with PBL teaching in standardized residency training were collected. The retrieval time was from the establishment to 1st July, 2018. Two investigators independently extracted data and assessed the quality of the studies. After assessing the risk of bias of included studies, Meta-analysis was performed on RevMan 5.3.Results:In total, 4 studies were included in the review. Narrative assessment was adopted, because outcome indicators of these study were varied and the quality of the literatures could not meet the requirement of Meta-analysis. Our study suggested that the residents who were in PBL combined with EBM teaching mode group got higher scores in the standardized residency training, compared with those in the lecture-based learning (LBL) teaching mode group, especially in case analysis score, total score of examination, improvement of clinical thinking ability, communication and expression ability, organization and cooperation ability, etc.Conclusion:The current evidence suggests that the application of EBM combined with PBL teaching mode has a positive effect on the standardized residency training. Compared with the traditional LBL teaching, EBM can improve students' ability. However, limited by the quantity and quality of included studies, the above conclusions still need to be verified by more studies with larger samples and higher quality.