Polysaccharide is a kind of polymers and composes of monosaccharide molecules.The biological activities of the polysaccharide include the promotion of immunity, anti-tumor, anti-oxidation and anti-aging. The polysaccharide of traditional Chinese medicine has become the research focus due to its safety and low toxicity. Based on the research achievements in recent years, we summarizeds the effects of Herbal Polysaccharides on immune organs, immune cells, immune molecules, and immune regulation mechanism.

OBJECTIVETo explore the improvement of the method for the treatment of supracondylar fractures of humerus in order to prevent and decrease the occurrence of cubitus varus.

METHODSOne hundred and ninety-seven patients with supracondylar fractures of humerus included 167 males and 30 females with an average age of 8.7 years old ranging from 3 to 12 years. There were 179 cases of extention and 18 cases of flexion. Six cases were open fractures. Thirty-four patients of fractures underwent fixation by only plaster slab, 53 underwent manipulative reduction and fixation by plaster slab, 23 underwent traction reduction and fixation by plaster slab, 87 underwent surgical operation. Among the cases of operation, 29 cases adopted anterior-lateral incision of elbow and 85 adopted posterior-interior incision of elbow.

RESULTSAmong the 197 cases, 191 cases were followed up for 1 to 5 years with an average of 3.7 years. According to the correlated curative effect evaluation of supracondylar fractures of humerus, the results were excellent in 142 cases, good in 27, fair in 13, poor in 9. Cubitus varus occurred in 8 cases.

CONCLUSIONThe objective factors for the occurrence of elbow varus do exist. However, during the treatment of these fracture, if strict correction of the ulnar deviation and stability are maintained during the reduction, the rate of occurrence of elbow varus could made to decreased a minimum.

Child ; Child, Preschool ; Elbow ; physiopathology ; Female ; Fracture Fixation ; methods ; Humans ; Humeral Fractures ; complications ; surgery ; Male ; Muscle, Skeletal ; physiopathology ; Postoperative Complications ; Treatment Outcome

A simple assay for detection of phospholipase C (PLC) activity was developed based on a fluorescence liposome probe using the Liss Rhod PE-loaded phospholipid liposomes.The liposome probe was prepared by the coassembly of 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC) and fluorescent lipid (Liss Rhod PE).The probe showed very low background fluorescence due to fluorescence self-quenching effect of Liss Rhod PE.As the PLC enzyme selectively digested lipid, the Rhod fluorescence was recovered from its quenched state, leading to the sensitive detection of PLC.This assay provided a limit of detection (at a signal-to-noise ratio of 3) of 2 U/L for PLC.In the presence of PLC inhibitor, the fluorescent response of the sensor for PLC decreased, indicating that the assay could also be used for screening PLC inhibitors.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of neuromedin U(NMU) in lymph node metastasis of laryngocarcinoma and provide a new biomarker of metastasis. METHODS Samples of 120 cases of laryngocarcinoma were collected from the Otolaryngology Department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University from 2013 to 2015. Patients were divided into two groups: metastasis group and non-metastasis group. Immunohistochemistry was performed to analyze the NMU expression in primary tumor and lymph node. An independent tissue microassay was used to analyze the relationship between NMU expression and T, N stages. RESULTS Expression of NMU in metastasis group was higher than that in non-metastasis group, NMU was positively correlated with N stages, but not with T stages. CONCLUSION The expression of NMU is higher in metastasis tissue of laryngocarcinoma, It could be used as a biomarker of lymph node metastasis of laryngocarcinoma.

Objective To explore the effects of murinecytomegalovirus(MCMV)infected mouse embryonic fibroblasts(MEF)on the proliferation and activation of regulatory T cell in vitro. Methods A co-culture system of T cell and MCMV infected MEF(T-MEF MCMV)was established.The viral load of supernatant was determined by plaque assay.The proliferation of T cells was observed with cell counting.The proportion of CD4+ CD25+ cells was measured by flow cytometry.The levels of Foxp3 protein were measured by Western blot.Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR)assay was utilized tO determine whether MCMV infection of MEF influenced the level of transforming growth factor(TGF)-β mRNA.The level of TGF-β protein in supernatant was measured by double-antibody sandwich enzyme linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA).The difference between T-MEF MCMV group and control group was assessed by one-way ANOVA.Results When T cells were co-cultured with MCMV infected MEF for 1 day and 3 days,the viral load in supernatant decreased.But when co-culture lasted for 6 days,the antiviral effect obviously diminished,as the viral load[(5.58±0.67)×105 PFU/mL]of the experimental group showed no statistic difference with MEF MCMV control group[(6.05±0.34)×105PFU/mL].When co-cultured with MCMV infected MEF for 3 days,T cell increased from pre-culture level of[(2.02±0.05)×106/mL]to(2.25± 0.13)×106/mL(P＜0.05).But when co-culture lasted for 6 days,the number of T eelI returned to (2.08±0.14)×106/mL,which had no statistic difference with that of co-culture for 3 days system. Both the expressions of Foxp3 protein and the proportion of CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ Treg cells in T-MEF MCMV group were up-regulated as the infection time extended,which were two times and three times of the control group level,respectively.The mRNA level(A value)of TGF-β in MCMV infected MEF increased from baseline of 1.09±0.13 to 3.15±0.54 on day 3 after infection.The expression of TGF-β in supernatant 3 days after infection was(3.85±0.32) μg/L,which was significantly higher than that before infection[(1.74±0.14)μg/L,P＜0.05].Conclusions Activated T cells have antiviral effect.However,the function of T cells is rapidly inhibited after activation,which may be due to the expression of Foxp3 mRNA induced by MCMV infected MEF and increased CD4+ CD25+ Treg proportion of the co-cultured T cells.TGF-β level is significantly increased after CMV infection,which may be an important mechanism of Treg proliferation.MCMV may manipulate Treg to evade specific immune elimination and,as a result,to cause CMV replication.

Objective:To study the effects of dexamethasone,cyclophosphamide,cyclosporin A and mycophenolate mofetil on the expression of Dectin-1 and TLR2 receptor in RAW264.7 cell line.Methods:In vitro culturing RAW264.7 macrophages ,the cells were given different doses of dexamethasone and cyclophosphamide ,cyclosporin A and mycophenolate mofetilfor 24 h.The influence of different immunosuppresants on cell proliferation was detected by CCK-8 assay.Dectin-1,TLR2 mRNA and protein levels of change were detected with RT-PCR technique and flow cytometry .Results:CCK-8 cell proliferation toxicity experiment results showed that with the increase of the dose of dexamethasone ,cyclophosphamide ,Cyclosporin A and mycophenolate mofetil ,the different degree of inhibi-tion of RAW264.7 cell proliferation in mice can be saw after the intervention of 24 h (P<0.05).After 24 h of dexamethasone stimula-tion,Dectin-1 mRNA and protein level decreased,TLR2 mRNA and protein levels elevated (P<0.05).However cyclophosphamide had no obvious influence on Dectin-1 and TLR2 ( P>0.05 ) .Mycophenolate mofetil and cyclosporin A could both inhibit the expression of Dectin-1 and TLR2 (P<0.05).Conclusion:There are significant differences among the regulatory functions of various immunosupres -sants on the expression of pattern recognition receptors .Different immunosuppressive agents exert their inhibitory effects on immune rec-ognition process of fungal pathogens not only by selectively regulating their target PRRs expression ,but also by inhibiting the growth and proliferation of macrophages .

Objective To study the expression of CDK4 andβ-Catenin and their relevance in glioma. Methods We used immunohistochemistry to detect the expression of CDK4 andβ-Catenin in forty-five glio-ma tissues and eight normal tissues.According to the classification standard of WHO in 2000 classify and grade the tissues.Results There were significant differences of CDK4 andβ-Catenin expressions between normal tis-sues and glioma tissues(P<0.01).The expression of CDK4 and β-Catenin had positive correlation with the pathological grades of glioma and histological type and increased(P <0.05).Furthermore,the expression of CDK4 was positively correlated with the expression ofβ-Catenin in glioma(r=0.52,P<0.01).Conclusion The increased expression of CDK4 andβ-Catenin may have correlation with malignant change of glioma and oc-curance of glioblastoma,and their combination is expected to become an important indicator in assessing malignant glioma.

Objective To explore the correlation between lipoprotein a (Lpa),fibrinogen (FIB) and D-dimer (D-D) and vascular cognitive impairment in patients with ischemic cerebral small vessel diseases (CSVD).Methods Totally 300 patients with ischemic CSVD who were admitted to the Department of Neurology,Affiliated Hospital of North China University of Science and Technology were selected as the research objects,and 70 healthy outpatients in the same period were selected as the control group.Cognitive function was assessed with Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE).According to the results of MMSE,patients with ischemic CSVD were divided into cognitive normal group (106 cases) and cognitive impairment group (194 cases).The cognitive impairment group was further divided into mild cognitive impairment group (100 cases),moderate cognitive impairment group (60 cases) and severe cognitive impairment group (34 cases).Lpa level was detected by latex immunoturbidimetry,FIB level by coagulation and D-D level by ELISA.The results were compared and analyzed.Results (1) Compared with the control group (Lpa:(101.67±37.37) rmg/L,FIB:(3.02±0.67) g/L,D-D:(231.49±95.00) mg/L),the levels of Lpa,FIB and D-D in normal group (Lpa:(150.58± 89.55) mg/L,FIB:(3.48 ± 0.80) g/L,D-D:(287.79± 125.25)mg/L) and cognitive impairment group (Lpa:(257.98 ± 189.23) mg/L,FIB:(3.86± 0.97) g/L,D-D:(347.23± 120.69) rmg/L)increased significantly (all P＜0.01).Compared with the cognitive normal group,the levels of Lpa,FIB and D-D in cognitive impairment group increased significantly (all P＜0.01).(2)Compared with mild cognitive impairment group (Lpa:169.08±51.63 mg/L,FIB:(3.10±0.69)g/L,D-D:(288.91±92.58) mg/L),the levels of Lpa,FIB and D-D of in moderate cognitive impairment group (Lpa:(236.78± 107.15) mg/L,FIB:(3.52±0.67) g/L,D-D:(345.03± 132.68) mg/L),severe cognitive impairment group (Lpa:(292.65±108.19) mg/L,FIB:(4.04±1.08) g/L,D-D:(401.58±84.87) mg/L)increased significantly (all P＜0.01).Compared with the moderate cognitive impairment group,the levels of Lpa,FIB and D-D in the severe cognitive impairment group increased significantly (all P＜0.01).(3) The ROC curve was fitted with cognitive impairment as state variable.The area under the ROC curve of Lpa was 0.706,P＜0.01,95％ CI was (0.646-0.766),the area under the ROC curve of FIB was 0.613,P=0.001,95％ CI was (0.548-0.679),and the area under the ROC curve of D-D was 0.670,P＜0.01,95％ CI was (0.604-0.736).(4) Lpa,FIB and D-D were positively correlated with the degree of cognitive impairment in patients with ischemic cerebral small vessel diseases (rLpa =0.522,P＜0.01;rFIB =0.410,P＜0.01;rD-D =0.488,P＜0.01).Conclusion Serum Lpa,FIB and D-D are closely related to the degree of vascular cognitive impairment and cognitive impairment in patients with ischemic CSVD,which may be involved in the occurrence and development of cognitive impairment.Detection of serum levels of Lpa,FIB and D-D is of great clinical value in the early diagnosis,assessment and treatment of cognitive impairment in ischemic CSVD.

Objective To observe the effect of stress on the rapid component of delayed rectifier potassium current (IKr) in rat cardiomyocytes. Methods Forty male SD rats were randomly divided into four groups (10 each): control group (Ctrl), exhaustive group (ES), noise group (WN) and composite group (ES+WN). Stress animal models were prepared as follows: Rats in ES group were undergoing exhaustive swimming as the stress factor, in WN group undergoing white noise and in ES+WN group undergoing exhaustive swimming + white noise as the stress factor. Langendorff device was used to reversely perfuse collagenase for isolating the rat's ventricular myocytes. The effect of stress on IKr current and gating mechanism of single ventricular myocyte was recorded by whole-cell patch clamp technique. Results Compared with the Ctrl group, the tail current density of IKr (IKr,tail) of ventricular myocytes increased significantly in ES group and WN group (P<0.01). The IKr,tail current density of the ventricular myocytes in ES+WN group was significantly higher than that in ES group and WN group (P<0.01), and the effect was voltage dependent. Gating mechanism revealed that the half inactivation voltage of IKr,tail (V1/2,inact) can be shifted to the right in ES group, WN group and ES+WN group when compared with the Ctrl group, and the recovery time constant shortened after inactivation (P<0.01). However, the steady-state activation, fast inactivation constant and voltage dependence of IKr,tail were not statistically significant in ES group, WN group and ES+WN group when compared with the Ctrl group. Conclusion Stress increases the IKr current in rat cardiomyocytes, suggesting it be one of the electrophysiological bases of stress-induced arrhythmia.

Objective To explore the role of CD4+CD25+regulatory T cells(Treg)in the co-culture svstem consisting of T cells and mouse embryo fibroblasts(MEF)infected with murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV)in vitro.Methods A co-culture system of T cells and MCMV infected MEF(MEFMCMV)was established.The viral load in the supernatants was determined by plaque assay.TH1/TH2 differentiation-specific transcription factors T-bet/GATA-3 were assayed by Western blot.The levels of cytokines IL-4,IL-10and IFN-γ in the co-culture supenatants were measured by double-antibody sandwich ELISA.Results After 3 d incubation,the viral load in the supernatants of TdepTreg-MEFMCMC group,in which the T cells depleted Treg(TdepTreg)were co-cultured together with MEFMVMV,was significantly lower than that in MEFMCMV group.And in the co-cultivation of MEFMCMV and T cells without Treg the expressions of T-bet/GATA-3,IL-4,IL-10 and IFN-γ incteased significantly.Compared with the virus content in the TdepTreg-MEFMCMV group,the MCMV load in the"add-on Treg group"increased and the levels of T-bet/GATA-3 and IFN-γ were lower,and the expression of IL-4 didn't show any significant difference. Compared with the level of IL-10 in the TdepTreg-MEFMCMV group,the IL-10 level in the"add-on TREG group"didn't show any significant differece when the Treg ratio among total T cells was 1%～2%,and increased significantly when the Treg ratio was more than 5%.These eflfects were all correlated with Treg ratios in a dose-dependent manner.Conclusion MCMV infected MEF can induce the proliferation and activation of effector T cells,but Treg can inhibit the T cell-mediated protective effect on MCMV infection.