PXR, CAR and PPAR, widely distributed in the body, are important members of the nuclear receptors (NRs) family. The activities and gene expressions of drug-metabolizing enzymes (DMEs) and transporters can be regulated by the activation of NRs, which effect the drug disposition. Multidrug resistance (MDR) is the leading cause of failure in cancer therapy. NRs, including PXR, CAR and PPAR, were shown to regulate the expressions of DMEs and transporters involved in the drug metabolism and clearance, suggesting that the modulation of NRs can be considered as a new target to overcome MDR. This review described the research progress of NR family members PXR, CAR, PPAR and their transcriptional activation mechanism, the regulation of DMEs and transporters by NRs, which may provide a valuable reference for clinical medication and overcome of MDR.

Acupuncture Points ; Acupuncture, Ear ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Combined Modality Therapy ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Moxibustion ; Urinary Incontinence, Urge ; physiopathology ; therapy ; Urination

Objective To explore the clinical efficacy and safety of isotretinoin erythromycin gel in the treatment of mild to moderate acne vulgaris. Methods A randomized,open,parallel,controlled clinical study was conducted.A total of 200 patients were enrolled in this study,in which 3 patients were excluded and 24 patients droped off during the study.Efficacy analysis was carried out in 197 patients and safety analysis in 173 patients.The patients were classified into trial group (n=87)and control group (n=86) to be treated with isotretinoin erythromycin gel or tretinoin cream once a night for 8 weeks,respectively.The clinical effects and adverse drug reactions were observed.Results The effective rates were 64.37 ％ (56/87) in trial group and 58.14 ％ (50/86) in control group with no statistical significance (P＞0.05).The rate of adverse reactions were 15.31％ in trial group and 14.14 ％ in control group with no statistical significance (P＞0.05).Conclusions Isotretinoin erythromycin gel is safe and effective in the treatment of mild to moderate acne vulgaris.

Objective To identify potential candidate genes related to the cancerous phenotype by analyzing databases publicly available. Methods Using a data-mining tool called Digital Differential Display (DDD) from the Cancer Gene Anatomy Project database, ESTs from 17 different tumor types were analyzed for differential expression. Results We obtained 130 up-regulated and 159 down-regulated genes, most of which are related to cytoskeleton, ribosomal subunit, substance metabolism, cell cycle, signal conduction, transcription and translation. These genes appear most frequently on chromosome 12 but rarely on chromosome 21 and Y. Conclusion In silico identification is a high-throughput screening strategy. Our study may lay a foundation for identification of future caner markers and provide a new thought for screening strategy of cancer markers.

Acute liver failure and end-stage liver diseases are llfe-threatening.So far,orthotopic liver transplantation is the unique treatment available for these late-stage liver diseases,which,however,is limited by the lack of donor liver.While hepatocyte transplantation,bioartificial liver and tissue engineered liver are potential alternative treatments,the limited availability of functional hepatoeytes is the major hurdle.Due to their extensive capacity for self-renewal and pluripotency to differentiate into cells,embryonic stem cells represent a potential unlimited cell source for therapy.The clinical application of embryonic stem cells in liver diseases requires well-defined and efficient protocols for differentiation,characterization and purification in vitro.Hepatic differentiation of embryonic stem cells in different culttire systelns and the problems remained are reviewed in this article.

Sal-like protein 4 (SALL4), a newly discovered oncogenes, plays an important role in the formation of embryo, maintenance of embryonic stem cell pluripotency and self-renewal. SALL4 not only has a close relationship with hereditary disease, benign disease, malignant tumor, blood system tumor and germ cell tumors, but also chemoresistance and poor prognosis. SALL4 obtains biological functions by adjusting different signaling pathways, transcription factors and epigenetic modulation. Further mechanism study of SALL4 and its relationship with various diseases will provide new opportunities for the treatment of diseases.

Background Glaucoma is a kind of psychosomatic disorder.Investigating the psychological and behavioral characteristics of glaucoma patients has important implication for the prevention and treatment of the disease.Objective Present study aimed to characterize the personality profile of initial diagnosed glaucomatous patients.Methods Eighty-seven patients with primary open angle glaucoma (POAG),ninety-two patients with primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG) and eighty-nine normal controls (normal control group) were enrolled in this study from January 2008 to May 2014 in Peking University People 's Hospital.Clinical and demographic information which could relate to personality type was collected by filling in Symptom Checklist 90 (SCL-90),Life Event Scale (LES),Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ),Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) and Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS) voluntarily under the informed consent.The psychological,personality and behavior characteristics of the individuals were analyzed and compared among the different populations.Results In SCL-90,the scores of compulsivity,interpersonal sensitivity,depression,anxiety,hostility,phobic anxiety,paranoid ideation and psychoticism inpatients with primary glaucoma were significant different among the three groups (all at P＜0.01),and the scores were significantly higher in the patients of the POAG group and PACG group than those in the normal control group,and the scores were increased in the PACG group compared with the POAG group (all at P＜0.05).In LES,the scores of family events,social intercourse and other events,life events,stress response were significantly different among the three groups (P =0.032,0.002,0.001,0.000),and these scores were significant higher in the POAG group and PACG group compared with the normal control group,and the PACG group also had a significantly greater frequency of clinically abnormal score than the POAG group (all at P＜0.05).EPQ data showed that the scores of psychology and nervousness in the POAG group and the PACG group were higher than those in the normal control group (all at P＜0.05),but no significant difference were found in extroversion and stability of the personality among the three groups (P=0.321,0.315).The total scores of SAS and SDS were considerably higher in the POAG group and the PACG group compared with the normal control group or the PACG group compared with the POAG group (all at P＜0.05).The incidences of anxiety and depression were elevated in the POAG group and the PACG group in comparison with the normal control group (x2 =15.520,P =0.000 ; x2 =14.870,P =0.000).Conclusions The personality and behavioral factors are associated with the pathogenesis,development and therapy of primary glaucoma.The anxiety,depression and stronger stress response are found in glaucoma patients,especially PACG patients.

Objective: To analyze the cost of laparoscopy and laparotomy in the treatment of tubal pregnancy.Methods: The selected patients of tubal pregnancy were operated on in our hospital from Jan. 2000 to Jun. 2002. Eighty received laparoscopy and 13 received laparotomy.The off work day, hospital charge, cost of no work and total cost were analyzed and compared.Results: The mean hospital stay and off work days were significantly shorter in the laparoscopy group than in the laparotomy group( P

Objective: To introduce an improved direct method for first puncture and to study the safety of first puncture in laparoscopic surgery.Methods: Four kinds of techniques were used to perform the first puncture on 4 102 patients.Group A: trocar puncture were performed after pneumoperitoneum in 2 492 cases.Group B: trocar puncture was directly through the incision of umbilical skin in 798 patients; Group C: trocar puncture was directly through the incision of umbilic skin,subcutancous fat and fascia in 387 patients.Group D: opened umbilical hole and inserted the trocar shell without puncture in 425 cases.it was a success if entered the abdominal cavity at the first time,it was unsafe if punctured twice and a failure if the needle hadn't entered the abdominal cavity for 3 times or went into the subcutaneous vessels or viscera.Results: There were no vessels and viscera injury during punctures in our study.The puncture results were related to the different methods.Compared with group A, the success rate of group C and D were significantly improved( P 0.05).Success rates of group C and D were significantly higher than that of group A.The success rate was higher in group D than in group C( P

Objective Through analysis the amount and the types for the bacterial in the conjunctival sac between the warm meibomian gland massage and routine preoperative preparation for the inner eye operations,to compare the bacterial state before and after the nursing intervention,as to analysis of preoperative administration of the routine preoperative preparation on the effectiveness of prevention of postoperative intraocular inflammation,and so on peri operation period nursing intervention is effective in reducing or preventing endophthalmitis.Methods 40 patients(40 eyes) undergoing eye operation during March to December of 2013 in our hospital,they were divided into the experimental group and the control group,with preoperative warm meibomian gland massage the experimental group based in the implementation of internal eye operation on routine preparation.Based on all the patients in group (V1),on the morning of surgery (V2) before operation,after disinfection(V3),before the end of operation(V4),after the next morning(V5) and after 1 weeks of operation (V6) of the 5 conjunctival sac sampling cultured conjunctival sac fungi and bacteria population analysis.Results Two groups of cultured conjunctival sac and there were significant differences between the V1 and V6 for both groups in the amount and the tapes of the bacterial.Conclusions The inner eye operation patients with warm meibomian gland massage can effectively reduce or inhibit the bacterial amount after operation in the conjunctival sac,effectively reduce the occurrence of postoperative endophthalmitis of hidden dangers,this procedure should be schduled in the standerand SOP for the peri--operative preparation for the inner eye operations.