The organic cation transport systems were initially recognized in studies of renal elimination.A variety of endogenous and exogenous compounds that are harmful to the body are eliminated from the kidney via glomerular filtration and/or active tubular secretion.Among those compounds are polar organic cations that require a transporter-mediated process to cross cellular membrane and be eventually excreted into the urine.The organic cation transport systems in the kidney have been recognized for several decades.Following the insight gained from the kidney,organic cation transporters (OCTs) have also been characterized in other tissues.In particular,the OCTs in the liver and in the intestine have been proposed as important determinants of drug absorption and disposition.Over the past several decades,the mechanisms of organic cation transport have been extensively characterized using in vivo models,ex vivo organ perfusions,in vitro tissue preparations and cell lines.In particular,the molecular cloning and characterization of OCTs have remarkably increased our knowledge of this important subfamily of solute carriers.In this article,we first review the molecular cloning and characterization of OCTs.We will then describe their transport mechanisms,tissue distribution and localization,and their specificity of interaction with organic cations.Regulatory mechanisms and genetic animal models will be reviewed as they provide the most important insight on this class of transporters in recent years.Finally,we will summarize genetic variation in human OCT genes and raise clinical perspectives on these important transporters.

There exist insufficient quantity,irregular quality,insufficient innovation ability in the existing economy and trade talents of medicine in our country,which is far from satisfying the need of the market.With the development of medicine economy,economy and trade talents of medicine become the focal point that medicine market economy competes for.As a cradle of training medicine persons,universities of medicine are confronted with the pattern reformation of innovative personnel training.The article brings forward countermeasures from these aspects: innovative idea,personnel training pattern,contents of courses and teaching methods and innovative teacher quality.

Chinese medicine industry is the new strategic industry with comparative advantage in China. To achieve modernization of Chinese medicine, improving the competitiveness of Chinese medicine enterprise is an inevitable choice. Based on the method of factor analysis and cluster analysis, this article measured and analyzed the competi-tiveness of 42 Chinese medicine listed companies by using the data of year 2012. The result showed that the com-petitiveness of Chinese medicine enterprises was mainly affected by three factors, which were scale of operation, profitability efficiency and growth. The scale of Chinese medicine is small and the large gap of competitiveness ex-its. To enhance the competiveness of Chinese medicine enterprises, this paper put forward corresponding develop-ment recommendations combined with the advantages and disadvantages of Chinese medicine enterprises.

Child ; Humans ; Incisor ; abnormalities ; Maxilla ; Occlusal Adjustment ; Orthodontic Extrusion ; Tooth Abnormalities ; diagnosis ; etiology ; therapy ; Tooth, Impacted ; diagnosis ; etiology ; therapy

Cardiovascular Diseases ; Follistatin-Related Proteins ; physiology ; Humans

Angelicae Sinensis Radix, dried roots of Angelicae sinensis, is a well-known traditional Chinese medicine. Six compounds were isolated and purified by silica gel and preparative HPLC. According to physicochemical properties and spectral data, the compounds were identified as senkyunolide H-7-acetate (1), o-phthalic acid (2), diisobutyl phthalate (3), p-hydroxyphenylethanol ferulate (4), ferulic acid (5) and coniferylferulate (6). Compound 1 was a new one.
Angelica sinensis ; chemistry ; Benzofurans ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Coumaric Acids ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Dibutyl Phthalate ; analogs & derivatives ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Plant Roots ; chemistry

Growing evidence indicates that hyperhomocysteinemia is not only a high risk factor for cerebrovascular diseases,but also closely correlated with neurodegenerative diseases and mental diseases,such as Alzheimer's disease,Parkinson's disease,dementia,cognitive impair- ment,depression and schizophrenia,The mechanisms of homocysteine neurotoxicity remains unclear,and it may include activating extracellular signal-regulated kinases,excessively activating glutamate receptors,participating in oxidative stress response,affecting methylation process and damaging DNA.

As an efficient gene transfer vehicle lentiviral vector has been widely used in therapy research. Comparing with other retrovirus vectors, lentiviral vectors have the unique ablility of transfecting nondividing cells and terminal differentiated cells. In addition, lentiviral vectors can accommodate two or more promoters and can carry larger foreign gene insertions. Now the new generation of lentiviral vectors encoding transcriptional control sequence provides effective means for the regulation of foreign gene expression. The development of lentiviral vectors and its application in the gene therapy field were summarized.

Background Graves ophthalmopathy is generally considered to be an organ-speeifie autoimmune disease.It was reported that 99Tc-methylenediphosphonate (99Tc-M)P) has therapeutic effect on Graves ophthalmopathy,though the mechanism has not been completely delineated.Objective This study was to explore the effects of 99Tc-MDP on the proliferation of retrooeular fihrohlasts (RFs) hyaluronic acid (HA) synthesis,and the expression rate of human leucocyte antigen-DR (HLA-DR) and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in cultured RFs.Methods Retroocular connective tissue was obtained from 2 eyes with Graves ophthalmopathy during the orbital decompression surgery.RFs were cultured with explant culture method in DMEM medium with 20％fetal bovine serum.The cells of 2-7 generations were used in the study.Interferon γ (IEN-γ),interleukin-1 (IL-1),tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) was added in medium for 72 hours to stimulate the growth of the RFs,and then 10,100 and 1000 mg/L 99Tc-MDP was respectively used to co-culture the cells with IFN-γ,IL-1 or TNF-α.3H-TdR incorporation was used to detect the proliferation of RFs,and synthesis of HA,expression rate of HLA-DR and ICAM-1 in RFs were assayed by radio-immunoassay and flow cytometry,respeetively.Results Cultured cells showed the fibrous shape under the inverted microseope with the positive response for vimentin and absent response for cytokeratine.After addition of TNF-α,IFN-γ and IL-1,the proliferation value of RFs,HA level,the expression rate of HLA-DR and ICMA-1 in RFs was (4918.33±297.91) counts/min,(505.83±41.29)mg/L,(56.88±14.67)％ and (63.57± 14.11)％ respectively,showing significant differenee in comparison with normal control group(P＜0.01).However,after co-culture of ＞100 mg/L 99Tc-MDP with TNF-α,IFN-γ and IL-1,the proliferation value of RFs,HA level,the expressing rates of HLA-DR and ICMA-1 were significantly lower than those in the TNF-α,IFN-γ and IL-1 only culture groups(P＜0.01),but were still higher than those in the normal group.Conclusions 99Tc-MDP can suppress cytonike-induced activation and growth of RFs derived from Graves ophthalmopathy in vitro at a dosedependent manner.

Ear Diseases ; congenital ; Ear, Middle ; abnormalities ; Humans