Objective To analyze the adverse events following immunization(AEFI) in Changning District of Shanghai in 2006,evaluate the safety of vaccines,and provide the evidence for establishing the safe monitoring system of standard vaccination.Methods The AEFI cases were collected and reported by the Vaccine Adverse Events Surveillance System(VAESS).The data were classified as nonserious,serious reaction according to the symptoms and medical records.Results In 2006,178 AEFI cases related to 12 kinds of vaccines from 126459 doses of 19 kinds of vaccines.Among the adverse events reported,amount of nonserious and serious events were 166 cases and 12 ases respectively.The most commonyl reported type of non-serious adverse events were low-grade fever and non-serious local reaction.AEFI cases caused by DTP combined vaccine was in the first rank.Supplementary immunization of DTP combined vaccine had more cases of AEFI than routing immunization.Conclusions Establishing and perfecting the standardized VAESS will improve the susceptibility and the utilization rate of data on AEFI.To reduce the AEFI,we should implement vaccination regulations,distinguish contraindications,and introduce safer vaccines.

Objective To summarize the adverse events of Measles,mumps,rubella combined attenuated live vaccine (MMR) during 2008 in Changning District of Shanghai.To research the effective monitoring pattern of adverse event following immunization (AEFI),and to provide evidence for establishing the safe monitoring system.Methods Using MMR as the surveillance vaccine,the AEFI monitoring research with the active and passive methods was implemented.Results 95 reports were collected.Most of the adverse events were common.The imformation from the active method was more than the imformation from the passive method.It was established the communication mechanism of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) between the different levels.Conclusion Active and passive methods will improve the susceptibility and the utilization rate of data reporting.

Objective To analyze the level of blood lipid in healthy Tibetans and Han natives in Lasa through the detection of serum lipids. Methods The serum TC, LDL-C, HDL-C and TG were detected by Hitachi 7060 automatic biochemical analyzer in 13 037 healthy adults (8 163 Tibetan individuals and 4 874 Han individuals). After that, all data were statistically analyzed by age (Tibetan:298 cases of ＜25 year-old group, 1 136 cases of 25-year-old group, 2 039 cases of 35-year-old group, 2 119 cases of 45-year-old group, 1 580 cases of 55-year-old group, 905 cases of 65-year-old group, 86 cases of ≥75 year-old group; Han population:307 cases of ＜25 year-old group, 1 254 cases of 25-year-old group, 1 874 cases of 35-year-old group, 1 022 cases of 45-year-old group, 272 cases of 55-year-old group, 129 cases of 65-year-old group, 16 cases of≥75 year-old group), sex (Tibetan: men 4 505 cases, women 3 658 cases; Han population:men 2 976 cases,women 1 898 cases). Results The average TC, HDL-C and LDL-C levels of Tibetans were (5.07 ± 1.10), ( 1.54 ±0. 49) and (3.33 ± 1.31 ) mmol/L respectively while the average levels of Han natives in Lasa were (4. 60 ± 0. 98 ), ( 1.45 ± 0. 44 ) and ( 2. 85 ± 1.0g ) mmol/L, which showed the levels of the Tibetans were higher than the Han natives in each age group(t =24. 78, 10. 53,21.46, P＜0.05). The TG levels was 1.38 ( 0. 20-2. 99 ) mmol/L in Tibetans and 1.54 (0.20-2.99)mmol/L in Han natives ( F = 224. 88, P ＜ 0. 05 ). The prevalence of total dyslipidemia was 75. 32% in Tibetans and 69. 02% in Han natives of Lasa. The prevalence of total dyslipidemia was 78. 56% in male and 65.42% in female. There were significant differences in both ethic and sex groups(x2 = 9. 678, 44. 138,P ＜0. 05). Conclusion The TC, LDL-C levels and prevalence of dylipidemia in Tibetans are higher than the Han residents in Lasa.

Objective To investigate the tumor-inhibitory effect of cytokine-induced killer cells(CIK)co-cul-tured with dendritic cells (DC)pulsed by breast cancer stem cell antigen on the same tumor-bearing mice. Methods Breast cancer stem cells were isolated from the cell line of MCF-7/ADR and extract lyses antigen of the stem cell was saved. DC and CIK derived from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of healthy individuals were co-cultured and pulsed or un-pulsed by the above antigen lyses. This DC+CIK were injected to breast tumorbearing mice (BCSC-AP-DC+CIK group), and were used to compared with the common breast cancer cell antigen (rather than breast cancer stem cell antigen) pulsed DC+CIK group(AP-DC+CIK group), DC+CIK group, CIK CIK group and normal saline group(NS group). The tumor-inhibitory effect were evaluated and compared among all 5 groups through the tumor size, TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labeling test (TUNEL), examining expression level of bcl-2 and bax by immunohistochemistry. Results The tumor size in each group before and after therapy and the tumor size after therapy between each group was of significant difference(P＜0.05). The maximum size is NS group(3.625±0.093)cm3 and BCSC-AP-DC+CIK group is minimum,which is (1.234±0.131)cm3. BC-SC-AP-DC+CIK group is of highest expression of bax and apoptotic index value, lowest bcl-2 expression in all 5 groups. Conclusion The CIK co-cultured with DC pulsed breast cancer stem cell antigen was more effective to induce apoptosis of breast cancer cells than those of CIK cells co-cultured with DC pulsed breast cancer cell antigen,CIK cells co-cultured with DC and CIK cells.

In this article, the plasma half life of IL-2 and its bio-distribution were studied using radio-nucleus Technetium-99M labeled IL-2. The results showed the plasma half life of IL-2 was merely 10 minutes mainly due to IL-2 distribute to its target organ such as liver, kidney etc,rather than clear out of the body. Our results indicated that IL-2 is a high organ-specific drug. It's plasma half life is short under high concentration in its target organ. So it might have advantages of high effectiveness and low whole body toxicity in treatment of tumor of liver and kidney.

BackgroundDiabetic retinopathy (DR) is a progressive vision-threatening complication of diabetes mellitus,but its pathogenic mechanism is still unclear. Recent studies showed that it may be associated with the inflammation response of retinal capillary. Cytokines can cause induction of proinflammatory and adhesion molecules and thereby increase monocyte endothelial cell adhesion, which is now accepted as the early key event in the development of DR. ObjectiveThe present study was to determine the relationship between the stages of DR and the levels of serum vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) , interleukin-2 ( IL-2 ), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in diabetic patients. Methods This was a pilot case-controlled study. Ninety patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus were included in this clinical trial and 30 healthy individuals were enrolled as controls. The patients were grouped into the non-diabetic retinopathy(NDR) group,background DR group and proliferative DR(PDR) group according to the results from ophthalmoscopic examination and fundus fluorescein angiography(FFA) ,with 30 patients for each group. The levels of serum VEGF,IL-2,TNF-α were assayed by ELISA and compared among the 4 groups.Written informed consent was obtained from each subject before received any related medical examination to this study. ResultsThe mean serum VEGF levels were(217.35±27. 87)ng/L,(298.31±49.26)ng/L,and(341.23±40. 18)ng/L, respectively, and mean serum IL-2 levels were( 12. 12± 1. 57 )ng/L, (16.43 ±2. 26 )ng/L, and (21.36±0. 86) ng/L,respectively and mean serum TNF-α levels were( 11.63±0. 94) ng/L, ( 17. 52±0. 65) ng/L,and(22. 01±0. 87 ) ng/L respectively in the patients with NDR ,background DR and PDR, showing significant differences from healthy controls with( 193.46±37. 39 ) ng/L for serum VEGF, ( 8. 99 ±0. 57 ) ng/L for serum IL-2 and ( 7.31 ±0. 52 ) ng/L for serum TNF-α ( F =126. 38, P＜0. 0 1 ;F =120. 37, P＜0. 01 ;F =99. 84, P＜0. 01 ). The levels of serum VEGF, IL-2, and TNF-α in the patients with the NDR,background DR and PDR were increased significantly. The level of serum VEGF showed the positively significant correlation with serum IL-2 level and TNF-α level ( r =0. 749, P ＜ 0.01 ; r =0. 631,P＜0. 01 ). The serum levels of VEGF, IL-2 and TNF-α showed a significantly positive correlation with the prolongation and severity of DR(r=0. 791 ,P＜0. 01 ;r=0. 665 ,P＜0. 01 ;r=0. 632,P＜0. 01 ). ConclusionsVEGF, IL-2 and TNF-α play active roles in the generation and development of diabetic retinopathy, and the level of serum VEGF is closely associated with the levels of serum IL-2 and TNF-α. during the development of DR.

Background Optic neuritis is one of the common clinical neuro-ophthalmic diseases.Recurrent optic neuritis can cause irreversible axonal damage and visual impairment,and no prevention method is effective up to now.Its pathogenesis is considered to be associated with the body's immune imbalance.Objective This proposal tried to establish experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and explore the immunomodulatory effects of T helper (Treg),Th17 cell in the model of optic neuritis.Make the immune mechanism of demyelinating optic neuritis clear.Methods EAE model was established to observe the clinical symptoms and visual electrophysiological changes of optical neuritis in mice;hematoxylin-eosin staining to observe the histological changes in the mouse models of EAE; immunohistochemical staining to detect optic nerve axon damage markers β-amyloid peptide precurso (β-APP) protein expression quantity changes;reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) to detect the dynamic expression of forkhead/winged helix transcription factor p3 (Foxp3),transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β),interleukin-1β (IL-1β),IL-17,IL-10 in optic nerve tissue.Results After immunization 11 days,neurological symptoms of EAE mice started to appear,hematoxylin-eosin staining showed optic nerve tissue infiltration of inflammatory cytokines; immunohistochemical staining showed enhancement of axonal injury markers β-APP positive staining; flash visual evoked potential(F-VEP) test showed 7,11,14,19,23,28 days,compared with the normal mice,P1 prepatents of model group were prolonged after modeling,the differences were statistically significant (t =4.487,15.203,16.364,11.540,11.959,16.163,all at P＜0.05).When 7 days after modeling,the difference of N1-P1 amplitude between normal group and model group was no statistical significance (t =-0.992,P =0.378); while 11,14,19,23,28 days after modeling,compared with normal mice,N1-P1 amplitudes of model mice were significantly lower,the differences were statistically significant(all at P＜ 0.05).The expressions of TGF-β,IL-1β,IL-17,Foxp3,IL-10 mRNA among different time points had stastistie significant differences (F =12.721,15.015,14.343,69.374,68.290,all at P =0.000),compared with the normal group,when 11 days,14 days after modeling,TGF-β mRNA levels were significantly increased ; 19 days,23 days after modeling,IL-1β mRNA levels were significantly increased;7 days,11 days after modeling,IL-17 mRNA levels were significantly increased ;7,11,14,19,23,28 days after modeling,Foxp3 mRNA levels were significantly lower; 19,23,28 days after modeling,IL-10 mRNA levels were significantly lower,the difference were statistically significant (all at P＜ 0.05).Conclusions Th17 cells launch demyelinating optic neuritis immune injury,and Th1 subgroup performs the function of maintaining inflammatory lesions,Treg cell subgroup is abnormal much earlier than that of the Th2 subgroup.The imbalance of Th17/Treg cell may be involved in the pathogenesis of demyelinating optic neuritis.

Objective To assess the clinical efficacy of direct Stenting (DS) and conventional post-dilation stenting (CS) for A and B1 lesions in Patients with coronary artery disease.Methods Demographic characters, final baloon dilation pressure, instent angiographic results, and long term outcomes were compared between patients receiving DS (n=62) and patients receiving CS(n=51). Results The operation time in DS group was much shorter than that in CS group ( 17.2 ?8.6 min vs 26.3 ?7.1 min, P

Objective To observe the pathological changes of esophageal carcinoma after preoperative radiotherapy. Methods A total of 28 thoracic esophageal carcinoma patients treated with surgery following preoperative radiotherapy of 40 Gy (S+R group), and other 28 patients treated with surgery alone (S group) were studied. The pathological changes of the resected samples of these patients were analyzed and compared. In all of the cases, the tumor regression rate, infiltration depth of tumor cells, involvement rate of blood vessels and lymphatic vessels, and metastasis rate of lymph nodes and residual lesions were studied. Results The tumor regression rate in S+R group was significantly higher than that in S group, but the infiltration depth of tumor cells and involvement rate of blood vessels and lymphatic vessels in S+R group were significantly lower than those in S group. The stromal reaction in S+R group was stronger than that in S group. There was no significant difference in metastasis positive rate of lymph nodes and residual lesions between the two groups. Conclusion Preoperative radiotherapy has obvious effect on the treatment of esophageal carcinoma from the view of pathological changes. However, further studies should be conducted on whether the pathological changes mean the improvement of survival rate or not.

Engelhardia Leschen. ex Blume (Juglandaceae) is native to southern and southeastern Asia and used to be traditional medicines and health tea. Hitherto, a large amount of chemical constituents had been isolated from genus Engelhardia and more pharmacological effects were found due to the presence of the second metabolites. There have been few comprehensive reports about Engelhardia plants especially the chemical constituents by now. The traditional usage of Engelhardia plants were for treating cold fever, detoxication, rheumatism, diarrhea, obesity, gastrointestinal problem and so on. While the modern pharmacological activities showed antioxidant activity, anti-ischemia/reperfusion injury, anticancer activity, anti-inflammatory activity, immunosuppression activity, antidiabetic activity, antitubercular activity and so on. In this review, constituents of this genus would be introduced and classified by structures, the pharmacological effects of which would be described as well.