Described in this paper are the characteristics of medical big data such as multi-dimensionalities, non-integrities, time sequencing, redundancies, their sources such as health service,medical insurance,health adminis-trations, producers of drugs and medical equipments, Internet, life science, their applications in R & D of drugs, diagnosis and treatment of diseases,medical insurance,intelligent decision-making,individual health management, and challenges they are faced such as data integration,data storage,data sharing, shortage of trained professionals, and privacy protection.

Objective To explore the main risk factors related to birth defects to provide the scientific basis for making the best prevention policy and implementing the effective interventions .Methods Totally 21 domestic research articles on the risk fac‐tors of birth defects were comprehensively analyzed by the meta analysis method ,including accumulated 6 112 patients and 15 741 control cases .The articles were screened preliminarily according to inclusion and exclusion standard ,and then the fixed and random effects model were selected according to the homogeneity test .The merged results were performed the chi‐square test .Results The main merged results OR values of single‐factor‐analysis were as follows:the family history of birth defects 36 .22 ,early pregnant in‐fectious disease 5 .62 ,early pregnancy exposure to chemicals 4 .19 ,paternal smoking 3 .89 ,contact sedatives during pregnancy 3 .19 , pregnancy complication 2 .94 ,high protein food during pregnancy 0 .37 ;the main merged results OR values of multiple‐factor‐analy‐sis were as follows :early pregnancy infectious disease 7 .65 ,poor prenatal mental state 5 .44 ,early pregnancy fever 4 .70 ,early preg‐nancy exposure to toxic chemical 3 .90 ,history of abortion 3 .59 ,supplement of multivitamin during pregnancy 0 .45 .Conclusion The main risk factors of birth defects in our country are family history of birth defects ,early pregnancy infectious disease ,early pregnancy exposure to chemicals ,paternal smoking and pregnancy complication;the protective factors are eating more high protein food during pregnancy ,supplement of multivitamin during pregnancy and taking folic acid during pregnancy .

0.05). The data proved that PSMA7 was overexpressed in pcDNA3.1(-)/PSMA7-transfected A549 cell line, both in mRNA level and in protein level. Conclusion Eukaryotic expression plasmid pcDNA3.1(-)/PSMA7 has been successfully constructed, and the PSMA7 is stably expressed in A549 cell line. This would pave the way for further study of PSMA7.

Objective To analyze the clinical competency test results of general practitioners (GPs) in Shanghai Pudong New Area.Methods Total 1 160 GPs from Pudong New Area attended the clinical ability tests,all participated in theory test and 327 GPs attended practice skill tests.The results were reviewed by computer and the scores were automatically generated.Results The average score and pass rate of theory test were (64.24 ± 12.23) points and 64.2％ (745/1 155),respectively.The average scores of GPs with master or above degree were the highest (67.09 ± 13.38 points),however,the pass rate of GPs with undergradnate degree was the highest (69.7％,349/501).GPs with senior professional title got the highest average score and pass rate [68.26 ± 9.92 points and 82.7％ (43/52),respectively].Introduction to General Practice (69.7％),Internal Medicine (68.6％) and Cancer (66.9％) were the top 3 subjects with the highest correct rate.The pass rate of clinical skills was 39.1％ (128/327),GPs with master degree or above (192.87) and those with junior professional titles (171.08) had the highest scores.GPs with master degree or above (50.0％,8/16) and those with intermediate professional title (40.1％,97/242)had the highest pass rate.Conclusions The analysis shows that the average score and pass rate of both theory test and clinic practice skills test are not satisfactory among GPs in Shanghai Pudong New Area.The clinical ability of GPs need to be further improved,and the study of some specific disciplines need to be further strengthened.

AIM To investigate weather and how aminophylline induces human trachea smooth muscle cells (TSMCs) to apoptosis. METHODS Human TSMCs were isolated and cultured in DMEM containing 10% fetal bovine serum. Passage 4～6 cell were used in experiment. The cells were cultured with aminophylline or 8 Br cAMP for 24 or 48 h. Light micros copy and electron microscopy were used to observe morphological change. DNA fragmentation was analyzed by agarose gels electrophoresis. SP Immunohistological staing method was performed to detect the changes of expressions of p53,bcl 2 and bax gene. The apoptosis cell percentage were detected by situ end labeling technique(TUNEL) of fragmental DNA. RESULTS ①Aminophylline or 8 Br cAMP decreased the number of viable cells in time and concentration dependent manner; ② Electron microscopic examination showed nuclear contraction, chromatin condensation and apoptotic bodies formation in aminophylline group or 8 Br cAMP group; ③ Agarose gel electrophoresis of fragmented DNA showed a ladder like pattern; ④ The expression of p53 or bax gene in apoptosis group was significantly higher than in control group, but the expression of bcl 2 gene was lower than in control group; ⑤ The positive rate of TUNEL in aminophylline or 8 Br cAMP group was significantly higher than in control group ( P

Objective To analyze the clinical features of patients with negative double balloon enteroscopy(DBE)findings.Methods A total of 115 patients with suspected small intestinal diseases underwent DBE examination from gastroenterology department of Wuhan University People's hospital on December 2005 to July 2009.The negative and positive cases were 32 and 83 respectively,then compared clinical data of negative group with that of positive group.Results 83 cases with small intestinal diseases were detected from 115 patients by DBE examination,and the daignosis rate was 72.2%(83/115).2 patients occurred acute pancreatitis and 1 occurred hyperamylasemia.The level of initial hemoglobin of negative group was higher than that of positive group(107.938?26.015 vs 93.518?32.367,P=0.016).meanwhile,there were significant difference in clinical symptoms(unexplained alimentary tract hemorrhage,obscure partial bowel obstruction,abdominal pain and diarrhea)between two groups(P=0.035).Moreover,the positive detection rate of unexplained alimentary tract hemorrhage(81.8%)was obviously higher than that of abdominal pain(57.7%)or diarrhea(40%).Conclusion DBE examination is an effective method in the diagnosis of small bowel diseases at present,however,patients with higher level of initial hemoglobin or the main symptoms as abdominal pain or diarrhea should be prudent to choose.

Objective:To explore the expression of ROR?t in pulmonary tissue of asthmatic mice and to investigate the association between the expression of ROR?t and the airway inflammation.Methods:Thirty female BLAB/c mice were randomly divided into the control group,asthmatic group and dexamethasone (Dex)-treated group.The asthma model was induced by classical method with ovalbumin(OVA).The concentration of IL-17 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and serum was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA).Airway inflammation was evaluated by HE staining.The expressions of IL-17,ROR?t mRNA and protein was measured by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR) and Western blot respectively.Results:The level of IL-17,ROR?t mRNA and protein of asthmatic group was significantly higher than those of control group and Dexamethasone treated group (P

AIM: To investigate whether leukotriene D 4(LTD 4) would stimulates proliferation of cultured human airway smooth muscle (ASMC). METHOD: Human ASMC were isolated and subcultured, varying concentration of LTD 4 were added to the media. Cell counts were obtained, [3H]-thymidine([3H]-TdR) incorporation and inositol 1, 4, 5-trisphosphate (IP 3) accumulation were measured. RESULTS: LTD 4(0.1 nmol?L -1～10 nmol?L -1) increased cell number and also increased incorporation of [3H]-TdR and accumulation of IP 3 in a concentration dependent manner(P

AIM:To clarify if interferon-?(IFN-?), tumor necrosis factor-?(TNF-?)and interleukin-1?(IL-1?)can induce apoptosis of human airway smooth muscle cells (ASMCs) in vitro. METHODS: Human ASMCs were isolated and cultured in DMEM containing 10% fetal bovine serum. Passage 4-6 cell was used in the experiment. IFN-?,TNF-? and IL-1?, were used separately or together in the treatment of human ASMCs. The effects of IFN-?,TNF-? and IL-1? on the growth of the cells was detected by MTT method at the hour 0,24,48 and 72. Light microscopy and electron microscopy were used to examine the morphological change. DNA fragmentation was analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis. SP immunohistological staing method was performed to detect the change of expressions of p53 , bcl-2 and bax gene. The apoptosis cell percentage were detected by in situ end labeling technique (TUNEL)of fragmental DNA. RESULTS: (1)IFN-? or IFN-? together with TNF-? and IL-1? decreased the number of viable cells in a time dependent manner. (2) Light and electron microscopic examination showed cell shrinkage, membrane blebbing, nuclear contraction, chromatin condensation and nuclear fragmentation in human ASMCs. (3) Agarose gel electrophoresis showed a characteristic"ladder"of DNA bands representing integer multiples of the internucleosomal fragments (about 180-200 bp) in cytokine cotreated human ASMCs. (4)The expression of p53 and bax gene in cytokine cotreated group was significantly higher than in control group, but the expression of bcl-2 gene was lower than in control group. (5)Stimultaneous treatment with IFN-?(4?10 5 U/L),TNF-?(4?10 5 U/L)and /or IL-1? (10?10 4 U/L) induced apoptosis of human ASMCs. Apoptotic index of human ASMCs in cytokine co-treated group was significantly higher than in control group ( P

Objective To analyze the risk factors of congenital heart disease(CHD) in China by using the meta‐analysis method to provide reference for etiology study and prevention of CHD .Methods The Chinese literature database such as CBM , VIP ,CNKI ,Wan Fang were retrieved from 2005 to 2015 for collecting the related literatures ,then the collected literatures were screened ,performed the information extraction ,quality evaluation and merged analysis by using the Stata12 .0 software .Results In this study ,37 articles were included ,including 20 provinces (municipalities and autonomous regions) ,8 588 cases in the case group and 12 479 cases in the control group;a total of 21 risk factors(5 pre‐pregnant factors and 16 gestational factors) were included . Conclusion All 21 risk factors include 4 pre‐pregnancy factors ,15 gestational factors and 2 factors which not be verified .The top 3 risk factors and their OR values with 95% CI were gestational diabetes 5 .80(2 .72-12 .37) ,contacting the occupational risk factors 5 .14(3 .30-8 .00) ,advanced age before pregnancy 4 .96(1 .45-16 .97) .Not considering to be as the risk factors and their OR value with 95% CI are high body mass index before pregnancy 1 .32(0 .99 -1 .75) ,living near street during pregnancy 1 .36(0 .50-3 .71 ) .