Objective To interpret genetic variation and population structure of Anopheles dirus A and D from China by molecular marker. Methods Samples included An. dirus A of Hainan laboratory colony (n=13), and field specimen from Mengla (n=17) and Jiangcheng (n=17) in Yunnan Province. The specimens were identified by PCR assay before study. mtDNA-COⅠ region was amplified and sequenced. Genetic variation and population structure was estimated according to sequence data. Results The mtDNA-COⅠ gene with a length of 959 bp was analyzed. There were three haplotypes in An. dirus A and six haplotypes in An. dirus D. The above haplotypes distributed in three populations unif-ormly. The average number of pairwise differences within Mengla population (7.441 2) was greater than that of Jiangcheng (1.279 4) and Hainan (1.051 3) populations, which suggested that the level of genetic divergence was the highest within Mengla population. The result of hierarchical AMOVA estimation showed a limited geneflow (Fst=0.799 9), therefore the variation level in a population (20.01%) was smaller than among the populations (79.99%). Conclusion The inter-specific genetic variation between An. dirus A and D in China was small and the level of divergence among individuals was high.

0.05).Conclusion At 4℃ storage time up to 2 weeks showed no significant influence on the contents of HbA2 detected by electrophoresis.

Objective:To observe the fumigating insecticidal activity of 5 essential oils(asteraceae oil,rutaceae oil,mentha piperita oil,carvacryl oil and citronella oil) against Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus.Methods: Fumigating insecticidal activity was investigated by airtight fumigation in conical flask.Results: After different fumigating time,5 essential oils showed different toxity against Culex pipien quinqucfasciatus.Of 5 essential oils,rutaceae oil was the most toxic, with the LC 50 values being 0.013(0.5 h),0.055(4 h) and 0.058(24 h); asteraceae oil was the lowest toxic one, with the LC 50 values being 0.948(0.5 h),0.427(4 h) and 1.711(24 h).When LC 95 values of the 5 essential oils were used to treat Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus,the shortest fumigating time appeared in carvacryl oil(6.087 min) and the longest in citrinella oil(21.143 min).Conclusion: All the 5 essential oils have considerable insecticidal effects against Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus.Rutaceae oil and carvacryl oil are better than the others,which provides basic informations for the related field experiments.

Objective To isolate the microsatellite DNA of Phlebotomus chinensis and screen the polymorphic loci.Methods Genomic DNA fragments were hybridized with biotinylated oligonucleotide probes(AAT)17,(GA)25,(CCT)17,and(TG)18.The hybridized fragments were captured with Vectrex Avidin D and enriched by centrifugal ultrafiltration with ultra-4-column ultrafiltrate.The target fragments were amplified,cloned and sequenced.The suitable microsatellite loci were chosen in Ph.chinensis's library to establish PCR amplification assay.The polymorphism screening was conducted by PAGE with Ph.chinensis field specimens.Results The enrichment protocol used in this study was efficient,with a percentage of recombinant clone as 78.6%.There were 118 microsatellite sequences in library,the GenBank accession numbers were from FJ919812 to FJ919932(except GenBank accession numbers FJ919833,FJ919836,and FJ919869).There were 72 typical microsatellite sequences occupying 61.0% and the rest were 46 nontypical microsatellite sequences in the library.Twenty-two loci were chosen to polymorphism screening and PAGE showed that 14 loci were polymorphic.The loci of dinucleotide repeat were more polymorphic than those of trinucleotide and polynucleotide repeat.Conclusion The microsatellite-containing library of Ph.chinensis has been constructed with 118 sequences,and 14 new polymorphic microsatellite loci are reported.

Objective] To clarify the taxonomic status of Anopheles lesteri and An.anthropophagus in China. [Methods] Using molecular identification (PCR assay and rDNA\|ITS2 sequencing) to examine the field anopheline mosquito specimens from Liaoning and Shandong. According to the ITS2 sequences, molecular phylogenetic tree was made. [Results] According to the molecular identification, An.lesteri and An.anthropophagus were distributed both in Liaoning Province and Shandong Province. The length and GC content of rDNA\|ITS2 sequence were 451 bp, 46 2% in An.lesteri (n=6), and 448 bp, 46 0% in An.anthropophagus (n=10), respectively. The ITS2 sequences from presentation sites were same in An.lesteri, while the intraspecies difference in An.anthropophagus was 0 88%. The specific difference between An.lesteri and An.anthropophagus was 25 7%. By analyzing molecular phylogenetic tree, the relationship between An.lesteri and An.sinensis, An.anthropophagus and An.liangshanensis was found to be closer. [Conclusion] According to the molecular identification, it was defined that An.lesteri and An.anthropophagus were sympatric independent species in China.

Objective To establish the molecular identification of five members in Anopheles maculatus complex from China. Methods Different rDNA-ITS2 regions of An. maculatus complex were sequenced and analyzed. The species specific primers were designed, and PCR assay was used for the identification. Results The length and GC contents of ITS2 were 328 bp, 58.54% in An. pseudowillmori, 330 bp, 57.85% in An. maculatus, 337 bp, 59.05% in An. willmori, 334 bp, 58.68% in An. dravidicus, and 338 bp, 57.69% in An. sawadwongporni, respectively. The intra-species ITS2 sequences were conservative. The ranges of divergence level among five members were from 9.7% to 18.9% . Five distinct specific fragments were amplified by PCR assay using five species specific primers and 5. 8S primer. The length was 119, 186, 231, 327 and 406 bp respectively. Conclusion The diagnostic PCR assay based on ITS2 divergence to distinguish five members of An. maculatus complex was simple and reliable.

Objective Due to the anatomy of the scapula itself is exceptional,fracture is often associated with other damage.So it is particularly important to evaluate the patients,physical examination,as well as the choice of surgical approach during perioperative period.By studing of the relevant literatures,this article reviewed the anatomy and classification of the shoulder blades,patient assessment,surgical indications and approaches,as well as the functional exercise.

Objective To observe efficacy of different acupuncture and moxibustion methods for treatment of nausea and vomiting caused by chemotherapy. Methods One hundred and sixty-three cases were randomly divided into electroacupuncture group (42 cases), warm acupuncture combined with electroacupuncture group (37 cases), ginger moxibustion group (44 cases) and control group (40 cases). All groups received postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy. Three acupuncture and moxibustion groups received electroacupuncture, warm acupuncture combined with electroacupuncture, ginger moxibustion to stimulate bilateral Zusanli (ST36), Neiguan (PC6), respectively, once a day. The control group was given tropisetron hydrochloride 5 mg+normal saline 100 mL, 30 min before chemotherapy intravenously, once a day to the end of chemotherapy. The number and degree of vomiting and the serum 5-HT content were tested, and the safety test was conducted. Results The complete control rate and effective control rate of acute vomiting of electroacupuncture group and warm acupuncture combined with electroacupuncture group were higher than those of ginger moxibustion group and control group (P<0.05). The complete control rate of delayed vomiting in warm acupuncture combined with electroacupuncture group was significantly higher than that of electroacupuncture group, ginger moxibustion group and control group (P<0.05); The effective control rate was higher than that of ginger moxibustion group and control group (P<0.05); Electroacupuncture group and Ginger moxibustion group were higher than the control group (P<0.05). The scores of acute vomiting in electroacupuncture group and warm acupuncture combined with electroacupuncture group were lower than others (P<0.05). In delayed vomiting, warm acupuncture combined with electroacupuncture group's score was lower than other groups, with statistical significance (P<0.05); Electroacupuncture group and ginger moxibustion group were lower than that incontrol groups, with statistical significance (P<0.05). The levels of serum 5-HT in electroacupuncture group and ginger moxibustion group were higher than warm acupuncture combined with electroacupuncture group (P<0.05), but lower than the control group (P<0.05). No obvious adverse reactions were found in each group. Conclusion Different acupuncture methods had different clinical effects on acute vomiting and delayed vomiting caused by chemotherapy.

Objective In clinic, the elderly with femoral intertrochanteric fracture are suggested surgical treatment, with the continuous deepening of the research and technology innovation, the new type of internal fixator for treating this fracture are emerging?At present,a wide variety of internal fixators in clinic,but each has its advantages, disadvantages and indications, and considering?The right choice of internal fixator directly affects patient's prognosis?This article reviewed several common internal fixators in clinic, so as to provide a reference for the clinical selection.

AIM To study the flavonoids from the leaves of Astragalus membranaceus (Fish.) Bge..METHODS The ethyl acetate and n-butyl alcohol fractions of 75％ ethanol extract from A.membranaceus leaves were isolated and purified by silica,ODS and preparative HPLC column,then the structures of obtained compounds were identified by spectral data.RESULTS Thirteen compounds were isolated and identified as quercetin (1),quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (2),rhamnocitrin-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (3),rhamnocitrin-3-O-β-neohesperidoside (4),rhamnocitrin-3-O-3-D-glucopyranoside (1'''→2'')-β-D-apiofuranosyl (5),complanatuside (6),glycitein (7),4',7-dihydroxy-3-methoxy isoflavone (8),genistein (9),calycosin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (10),genistin (11),glycitin (12),tiliroside (13).CONCLUSION Compounds 5,8,13 are isolated from genus Astragalus for the first time,and compound 2 is first isolated from this plant.