More than 100 years ago, Paul Ehrlich first proposed the "magic bullets" concept in which antibody targeting disease related antigen can fight against human disease. Since then, with the development of hybridoma technology for monoclonal antibody production and cancer serum therapy, immunotherapy based monoclonal antibody bas been used in chinical practice to treat hematological and solid tumor. Up to now, more than 20 recombinant antibody drugs were approved for cancer treatment worldwide. In recent years, the next-generation antibody drug, including immune checkpoint antagonists, bi-specific antibody, and antibody drug conjugates have successfully cured various malignant tumor. This review recalled the history of monoclonal antibody as potent immunotherapy of cancer firstly, and focused on the next-generation antibody drug's mechanism of action, construction strategies, and the side effects in clinic. Lastly, the future trend of anti-tumor antibody drug was also discussed.
Antibodies, Monoclonal ; therapeutic use ; Antineoplastic Agents ; therapeutic use ; Humans ; Immunization, Passive ; Immunotherapy ; Neoplasms ; therapy

In the present study, lymphocyte subpopulations, plasma cells and macrophages infiltrating hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and peritumor liver tissues from 78 patients were identified and characterized using a specific immunofluorescent technique with anti-human T lymphocyte globulin(ATG), anti-human B lymphocyte globulin (ABG), antihuman IgG, IgM, IgA serum,and ?-naphthyl esterase staining method. The liver specimen from 9 patients with cirrhosis and 19 healthy persons were selected as control groups. Ultrastructural morphology was electromicroscopically observed sometime. The majority of cells infiltrating cancer tissue were T cells (74%) which selectively accumulated in the zone between cancer and noncancer liver tissue and arranged around cancer tissue in a row way. T cells might kill cancer cells in different ways. This results indicate that the local lymphocyte and macrophage infiltration is a specific immune reaction against HCC.

In 78 cases of hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC), the local immune response in cancerous tissue was investigated using immunofluorescent method with specific antisera and histochemical technique. In addition, analysis of clinical and postoperative follow-up information was also done to explore its clinical significance. The results indicate that the intensity of local immune response is closely correlated with clinical staging of HCC, tumour size, hepatic metastasis and cancerous thrombosis. The local immune response can represent the host immune function against HCC and directly influence the prognoss. It can provide a valuable reference for predicating the prognosis clinically and selecting correctly general immunotherapy after operation

The changes of T lymphocyte subsets, NK, ADCC and lymphocyte transfer-mation rats were investigated by cytometry and rmcro-LDH releasing test in 67 cases of hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) and the relationship between host immunity change and tumor recurrence rate after operation was also further explored by general analysis of clinical follow-up information.The results indicated that host immunosuppression existing before became more severe two weeks after operation and gradually returned to the level before opjration or to normal level.Recovery of postoperatively immunosuppressive period and immune function condition of host after operation were closely correlated with HCC recurrence.Intensively immuno logic examination after operation can provide a valuable reference for finding high risk population with tumor recurrence and for perionnins a postoperative general immunotherapy against tumor recurrence at early stage.

In the present study, 67 cases of hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)were treated with immunotherapy or immunochemotherapy .The results indicated that natural killer cell(NK)and antibody dependent cytotoxicity cell(ADCC)activitiesand lymphocyte transformation rate(LTR)were significantly improved in vivo after treatment .The NK activity in tumor tissue, which showed a heavy immunosuppression, could be also enhanced and recovered to normal level after treatment with lymp-hokine mixture and 5-fluouriamide(5-FU) .Immunity of host with postoperative immunochemotherapy was rapidly improved and recovery rate was higher,The survival time in these cases of unresectable tumors was obviously prolonged when a general immunotherapy was used only.Immunochemotherapy can improve immunity and inhibite selectively Ts cells as well as kill directly tumor cells.Especially, it can play an important role in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma and in the prevention of its recurrence after operation.

In the present study, the changes of peripheral blood and tumor-infiltrating T lymphocyte subsets and the effects of different immunotherapies on tumor in BERH-2 hepatoma-bearing rats were investigated using an immunofluorescent staining method with mouse anti-rat T lymphocyte subsets monoclone antibodies and flow cytometry.The results.indicate that T lymphocyte subsets had an obvious disruption, maily Th subset decreasing and Ts subset increasing.And these changes were closely related with tumor growth and metastasis. Interferon (IFN), 5-fluouriamide (5-FU) and interleukin-2. (IL-2) had no marked inhibitory effect on tumor when, given respectively.However, the tumor invasion and metastasis were prevented and the disorder of T lymphocyte subsets was also improved by a combination of IFN, IL-2 and 5-FU.Immunochemotherapy (IC) has multiple effects against tumor, such as improvement of host immunity and direct killing and inhibition of tumor cells, and is a valuable antitumor therapy.

BACKGROUND:Numerous studies confirmed that compared with deltopectoral approach, deltoid-splitting approach for proximal humeral fractures has good therapeutic effects, but precise superiority remains poorly understood. OBJECTIVE:To compare the therapeutic effects of deltopectoral approach and smal incision deltoid-splitting approach in the repair of proximal humeral fractures using meta-analysis. METHODS:We retrieved MEDLINE, Embase, the Cochrane library, Wanfang Database and PubMed by computer for articles on control ed trials of deltopectoral approach and smal incision deltoid-splitting approach in the repair of proximal humeral fractures published from 2010 to 2014. Neer score, operation time, intraoperative blood loss, incision length, length of hospital stay, Visual Analogue Scale score, fracture healing time, and Constant score were used as evaluation indexes of Meta analysis. RevMan 5.2 software was used for analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Eventual y nine articles were included, total y 721 patients, published from 2010 to 2014 years. There were eight in Chinese, and one in English. Meta-analysis results showed that compared with deltopectoral approach, deltoid-splitting approach in the treatment of proximal humeral fractures could shorten operation time, reduce intraoperative blood loss, shorten length of incision, elevate Neer score and Constant score (P<0.05). No significant difference in fracture healing time, hospitalization days, and Visual Analogue Scale score was detected between the two methods of surgical approach. These data indicated that compared with deltopectoral approach, deltoid-splitting approach in the repair of proximal humeral fracture has certain superiority. Deltoid-splitting approach can be firstly selected in the permit of hospital conditions.

Objective To study the effects of different factors influencing the quality of life of elderly esophageal cancer patients who returned to the community after surgery.Methods A total of 216 elderly esophageal cancer patients with complete clinical data who had returned to the community after surgery were followed up by questionnaires,including the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life rating (EORTC QLQ-C30) and esophageal cancer supplementary (QLQ-OES18) scales.Results The overall quality of life score of the patients was (35.2±22.1),which was lower than that in the Norwegian norm data.Scores for cognitive function,constipation,diarrhea,shortness of breath and loss of appetite were similar to those in the norm data.Scores for physical function,emotional function,role function and were lower than those in the norm data,while scores for pain,fatigue,nausea and vomiting,sleeplessness and were higher than those in the norm data.The overall quality of life score was higher in male patients than in female patients (F =5.12,P=0.029),in patients with spouses than in those without spouses (F=5.61,P=0.016),and in patients without complications than in those with complications (F=5.48,P=0.002).The overall quality of life was higher with longer survival times after surgery (F=3.68,P=0.003).No significant difference in the overall quality of life score was found between different age-groups (F=4.23,P=0.212).Conclusions The overall postoperative life quality is poor in community elderly patients with esophageal carcinoma.Gender,marital status,postoperative survival time,and complications are among the factors influencing postoperative quality of life of community elderly patients with esophageal carcinoma.

OBJECTIVE:To analyze clinical efficacy and safety of pioglitazone combined with metformin in the treatment of type 2 diabetes.METHODS:102 patients with type 2 diabetes were randomly divided into 2 groups.Treatment group received pioglitazone combined with metformin and treatment group received metformin alone.The levels of blood glucose and insulin were observed and compared between 2 groups.RESULTS:After 6 months of treatment,fasting plasma glucose(FPG),postprandial 2 h blood glucose(P2hBG),glycosylated hemoglobin(HbA1c),fasting insulin(FINS),postprandial 2 h insulin(P2hINS),steady-state assessment index of insulin(HOMA-IR) in 2 groups were significantly decreased,there was statistical significance in difference before and after treatment(P

Objective To screen a cell line which stably suppresses DAPK expression and to observe the growth characters.Methods Four pairs of shRNA were designed,synthesized and inserted into the pDsRed1-N1-U6 vector.The recombinant plasmids were purified and transfected into PC12 cell.Meanwhile,a pDsRed1-N1-U6 vector was transfected as control.The cell clones were screened by G418,and the stable PC12 cell line was established.DAPK expression was detected by Western blot.MTT method and Flow Cytometry(FCM) assay were used to assess the growth characters of the cell line.Results The shRNAs were transfected into PC12 cell and the cell clones were successfully screened out.Of the four recombinant plasmids,the F2 was the best interfering shRNA.Beyond our expectation,the F1 recombinant plasmid had an enhanced effect on DAPK expression.Conclusion A stable PC12 cell line with stable inhibition of DAPK expression by was established using siRNA expression vectors.