Objective To study the characteristics of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of insulin dry powder inhalation and its relative bioavailability as compared with subcutaneous injection of regular insulin. Methods In this open,single-center,randomized,two-period,cross-over,euglycemic glucose clamp study,18 healthy volunteers(14 men and 4 women),aged(24.9?1.7)years,with body mass index(20.6?1.2)kg/m~2, received the insulin dry powder inhalatin(80 U)or regular insulin(15 U)subcutaneous administration.The blood samples of this study at 0,20,30,40,50,60,70,80,90,100,110,120,135,150,165,180,195, 210,225,240,270,300,330,360,390,420,450 and 480 rain were taken for serum insulin measurement, meanwhile,glucose infusion rates(GIR)were determined per 5 minutes over a period of 8 hours.Results The C_(max)were(57.9?17.8 vs 114.5?29.7)mU/L(tested vs reference preparation),T_(max)were(46.7?45.6 vs 107.8?33.7)min,GIR_(max)were(3.35?0.98 vs 5.17?1.75)mg?kg~(-1)?min~(-1)and T_(GIRmax)were(88.3?17.0 vs 151.9?34.6)min.The relative bioavailability was(10.26?2.25)%,and the relative bioefficacy was(14.33?7.26)%.Conclusion The study shows that insulin dry powder inhalation is absorbed via lungs and its action sets in earlier than that of the regular insulin injected subcutaneously.These pharmacokinetie and pharmacodynamic data may provide a reliabe guide for further clinical trial.

· AIM: To summarize the clinical features of Chinese primary congenital glaucoma and to investigate the discrepancies of the clinical features between the Chinese and Indian patients.congenital glaucoma patients were reviewed. The clinical features were summarized as several quantifiable clinical parameters and the severity of the disease was evaluated. Both the quantified clinical features and severity were statistically compared with those of the Indian patients, which were cited from the previous published articles.included in the study. In Chinese patients, sex ratio (male to female )was about 2:1, family history was presented in 3 patients (7.5%) and consanguinity was found in one patient (2.5%). The main symptoms and signs observed in Chinese patients spanned a wide spectrum of manifestations. The most frequent signs noted on the initial examination were enlarged eyeball (42.5%) and decreased visual acuity (35.0%). Compared with Indian patients, Chinese patients had a later onset, a delayed diagnosis, more severe corneal changes and more severe optic nerve damages (P＜0.01). The combined tabeculectomy and trabeculotomy operation was preferred by both Chinese and Indian doctors whereas a higher proportion of Indian patients received the combined operation (P＜0.01). The proportions of the severity grade were different between Chinese and Indian patients. Most Chinese patients were in the severe grade while most Indian patients were in the very severe grade (P＜0.01).patients were sporadic and non-consanguineous.Compared with Indian patients, Chinese patients had a relative later onset, a delayed diagnosis and treatment.More attempts are needed in Chinese PCG prevention and treatment.

AIM:To make a survey on people suffering trachoma in Gansu province, and to provide evidence for developing trachoma control and prevention therapy.
METHODS: We chose the zone on the basis of relative information. Provincial Office of Blindness Prevention carried out the survey in 3 counties including Tange Township of Wushan, Xiqu Township of Minqin and Hulinjia Township of Jishishan from October 14, 2013 to November 23, 2013. One hundred and fifty primary school students were selected, including 72 boys and 78 girls aging from 5a to 10a with the average age of 7. 5y. The targeted students received the fast trachoma assessment by the adoption of simplified trachoma classification system which was recommended by the World Health Organization.
RESULTS: No case of active trachoma, trachomatous trichiasis and corneal disease were examined among 150 students.
CONCLUSION: The rate of trachoma is low in Gansu province. But we still cannot get the conclusion that there is no epidemic of trachoma in Gansu. And we need to further expand the survey scope to correctly assess the trachoma case and to provide reliable evidence for trachoma prevention and control.

Trachoma, a contagious keratoconjunctivitis ( KC ) , caused by Chlamydia trachomatis infection, is rife in 57 countries in the world at present. The World Health Organization ( WHO) listed the global alliance to eliminate blinding trachoma by 2020 as one of top priorities of its blindness prevention in 1998. A simplified classification system for identifying and naming trachoma, designated by WHO, and the SAFE strategy based on community intervention were extended continuously in the world in 10 years since then. The trachoma prevalence trend has showed a change compared with that in the past. China has launched the blindness prevention action, aimed to eliminate blinding trachoma by 2016. In this paper, we reviews progress in diagnosis, treatment and epidemic of trachoma since the extension of the SAFE strategy.

Objective To probe into the effects of fluoride on metal elements in the testis tissue of male rats, and provide experimental basis to further research for reproductive toxicity of fluoride. Methods Thirty-two healthy male Wistar rats, weighting 150 - 180 g, were randomly divided into 4 groups, normal sodium(control) by intragastrie administration for 90 days, and body weight was observed daily. After the last intragastric administration, all rats were killed by cervical dislocation. The contents of calcium(Ca), ferri(Fe), zincum(Zn),cuprum(Cu ) and magnesium(Mg) in the testis tissue were measured by atomic absorption speetrophotometry.Results After 30 days exposure, the difference of body weight between groups was statistically significant(F=3.884, P < 0.05). The body weight in low- and medium-dose groups[(235.00 :t: 14.56), (235.44 ± 24.99)g] were significant increased than high-dose group[(206.00 ± 18.16)g, all P < 0.05]. There was no significant difference of body weight between the groups at 0, 60 and 90 days(F = 0.501, 0.578, 1.893, all P > 0.05). The difference of Ca, Zn and Mg levels among four groups was statistically significant(F = 6.630, 6.844, 5.333, all P < 0.05). The content of Ca of the low-dose group[(56.15 + 4.21 )mg/kg] decreased than that of the control group[(77.57 ± 6.66)mg/kg, P < 0.05];the content of Zn of the low-, medium- and high-dose groups[(4.80 ± 0.55), (4.56 ± 0.33),(5.46 ± 0.79 )mg/kg] deceased than that of the control group [(7.16 ± 0.28 )mg/kg, all P < 0.05];the content of Mg of the high-dose group [(32.44 ± 1.53 ) mg/kg] decreased than that of the control group [(42.54 ± 8.07 ) mg/kg,all P < 0.05]. The difference of testis Fe and Cu between four groups was not statistically significant(F = 1.324,0.207, all P > 0.05). Conclusion Chronic fluorosis can affect the levels of metal elements in rat testis and damage the reproductive system.

Objective To study the effects of fluorine and aluminum on index of hematologic tests of rats. Methods According to body mass,56 Wistar rats of 130-200 g were randomly divided into control,low-fluorine (F),middle-F,high-F,low-F + aluminum(Al),middle-F + Al,high-F + Al group,8 rats in each group were given a series of doses of fluoride and aluminum,which were (0 + 0),(100 + 0),(200 + 0),(300 + 0),(100 + 10),(200 + 10),(300 + 10)mg/L After 90-day intragastrie administration,blood samples were collected on eyes of rats to undergo blood routine test,including red blood cell (RBC),lymphocyte (LYM),platelet (PLT),hemoglobin (HGB),white blood cell (WBC),hematocrit (HCT),mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH),mean corpuscular-hemoglobin concentration(MCHC),mean corpuscular volume(MCV),and at the same time some blood biochemistry indicators related to functio ns of liver and kidney were determined such as aspartic acid aminotransferase(AST),alanine aminotransferase(ALT),alkaline phosphatase(ALP),Crea(Cr) and Urea. Organ coefficient of liver and kidney were calculated. Results The difference of RBC,HCT,MCV among all groups of rats was statistically significant(F = 3.202,3.316,2.915,P < 0.05). The RBC,HCT of the low-F group[(7.59± 2.40)×10~(12)/L,0.51±0.11],the middle-F group[(8.60±1.16)×10~(12)/L,0.55±0.05],the high-F group[(9.23± 0.60)×10~(12)/L,0.54±0.03],the low-F + Al group[(9.25±0.79)×10~(12)/L,0.53±0.04],the middle-F + Al group[(7.98±2.14)×10~(12)/L,0.49±0.08]and the high-F + Al group[(7.61±3.17)×10~(12)/L,0.49±0.16]were significantly higher than that in the control group[(4.46±3.10)×10~(12)/L,0.31±0.16,P< 0.05 or < 0.01)]. The MCV of the middle-F group[(64.06±6.51)fl],high-F group[(58.67±1.13)fl],low-F + Al group[(57.78± 1.57)fl]and the middle-F + Al group[(63.04±10.64)fl]were significantly higher than the control group[(78.54± 15.57)fl,P < 0.05 or < 0.01]. The difference of AST and Urea among all the groups of mrs serum was statistically significant(F= 2.847,5.549,P < 0.05 or < 0.01). The serum AST of low-F group[(399.00±54.99)U/L],the middle-Fgroup[(465.60±76.99)U/L],the high-F group[(465.80±75.41)U/L],the low-F + Al group[(346.00±69.26) U/L],the middle-F + Al group[(437.40±68.31)U/L]and the high-F + Al group[(403.00±30.61)U/L]were all significantly higher than that in the control group[(336.67±94.34)U/L,P < 0.05],and the high-F group significantly higher than the high-F + Al group(P < 0.05). The serum Urea of the middle-F group[(7.70±0.52)mmol/L],the high-F group[(8.44±1.30)mmol/L],the low-F + Al group[(7.83±0.62)mmol/L],the middle-F + Al group [(7.73±0.47)mmol/L],and the high fluoride + aluminum group[(7.70±0.21)mmol/L]were all significantly higher than that in the control group[(6.55±0.50)mmol/L,P< 0.05 or < 0.01],and the low-F group was significantly lower than the low-F + Al group(P < 0.01),however the high-F group was significantly higher than that in the high-F + Al group(P< 0.05). The liver organ coefficient of the low-F group(2.94±0.36) was higher than the low-F + Al group (2.60±0.15,P < 0.05). Conclusions Fluorine and combination of aluminum and fluorine have toxicity on rats to a certain extent,including the proliferation of crythrocytes of rat,while the cell size gets smaller and the cell quality is deteriorated,meanwhile functions of liver and kidney are impaired. Aluminum shows different joint action in different concentrations of fluorine.

Objective To probe into the impact on sperm motility in male rat induced by fluorine poisoning, and provide experimental basis to further research for reproductive toxicity of fluoride. Methods According to bodyweight, 32 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into control group, the low-dose, medium-dose and high-dose group( 100,200,300 mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1) NaF), and were treated by intragastric administration for 90 days, and the weight of the rats was observed each day. After the last intragastric administration, all rats were killed. The relative weight of liver, kidney and testis was calculated. Rat epididymides were plucked off and spermatozoa released from it. Sperm motility parameters were measured by WLJY-9000 color-detection system of sperm quality. Results Compared with high-dose group[(206.00 ± 18.16)g], the weight of low-dose and medium-dose group [ (235.00 ± 14.56), (235.44 ± 24.99)g] in 30 days were statistically significant increased(all P < 0.05) ; there were no significant differences between the groups in 60 days and in 90 days(F = 0.578,1.893, all P > 0.05). Comparison of organ coefficient of liver, kidney and testis among three groups showed no significant difference(F = 2.148,0.907, 1.801, all P > 0.05). The average path velocity(VAP) of the high-dose group[ (25.04 ± 4.59)μm/s] showed significant increase compared with control group[ (20.22 ± 3.29)μm/s] ; the straight line velocity(VSL) of the low- dose, medium-dose and high-dose group[ (18.82± 3.19), (17.84 ± 4.54), (16.46 ± 2.63)μm/s] showed significant increase compared with control group[ ( 12.48 ± 1.73 ) μm/s ] ; linearity (LIN) of the low-dese, medium-dose and high.dose group[(23.84±1.58)%,(24.99±3.37)%,(26.75±5.07)%]showed significant decrease compared with control group[(33.29±4.00)%];wobble(WOB)of the medium-dose and high-dose group[(47.03±3.98)%,(4921±723)%]showed significant increase compared with control group[(38.09±0.48)%];mean angular deviation (MAD)of the low-dose group[(68.29±5.71)radian/s]showed significant decrease compared with control group [(81.57±8.44)radian/s];beat cross frequency(BCF)ofthe high-dose group[(117±0.61)/s]showed significant increase compared with control group[(9.49±0.34)/s];sperm density(p)of the low-dose and medium-dose group [(1.26±0.24)×10~9/L,(1.84±0.50)×10~9/L]showed significant decrease compared with control group [(3.94±1.10)×10~9/L,all P<0.05].Comparison of the eurvilinearvelocity(VCL),straightness(STR),amplitude of lateral head displacement(ALH)among three groups showed no significant difference(F=0.264,2.209,1.667, all P>0.05).Conclusion Fluorine poisoning could change sperm motility parameters of the rat,reduce the sperm density and cau8e damage to the reproductive system.

OBJECTIVETo explore the sonographic characteristics of intraveous leiomyomatosis (IVL) with intracardiac extension and improve its diagnosis.

METHODSThe clinical and sonographic data of 13 female patients with pathologically confirmed IVL with intracardiac extension who were treated in our hospital between 2002 and 2012 were retrospectively analyzed. These patients aged 44 years old (range: 38-49 years), and 10 of them were first-episode patients and the remaining 3 were recurrent patients. Eight patients had a history of hysterectomy for leiomyoma.

RESULTSThe first-episode symptoms included exertional chest tightness and shortness of breath (n=5), abdominal distention and edema of low extermity (n=4), exertional palpitation of cardiac origin (n=3), and menorrhagia (n=1). Ultrasonography showed that all patients had isoechoic or hypoechoic tumors extended through the inferior vena cava into right heart chambers (62% in right atrium alone and 38% in right ventricle and atrium). Nine masses in right heart chamber (69.2%) were oval and 4 (30.8%) were serpentine, which were all with well-demarcated borders and most (80%) with heteroechogenic texture. Ten patients had hypoechoic or mixed echoic tumors in pelvic cavity or uterus, and 6 of them had abundant blood flow.

CONCLUSIONSIVL with intracardiac extension has certain sonographic characteristics. Ultrasonography is a valuable tool in the diagnosis of IVL with intracardiac extension.

Adult ; Female ; Humans ; Leiomyomatosis ; diagnostic imaging ; pathology ; Middle Aged ; Myocardium ; pathology ; Retrospective Studies ; Ultrasonography ; Vascular Neoplasms ; diagnostic imaging ; pathology

OBJECTIVETo study the inhibitory effect of flavonoids from Glycyrrhiza uralensis on thioacetamide-induced chonic hepatic fibrosis in rats and the effect on the protein expressions of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and Caspase-3 in livers.

METHODMale Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into totally seven groups: the normal control group, the model group, LF groups s (400, 200, 100, 50 mg · kg(-1) · d(-1)) and the silymarin positive control group (30 mg · kg(-1) · d(-1)). The hepatic fibrosis model was induced in the rats through intraperitoneal injection with 3% thioacetamide (TAA) at a dose of 150 mg · kg(-1) body weight twice a week for 12 weeks. During the course, the control group and the model group were orally administered with saline (1 mL · kg(-1) · d(-1)). After the modeling and drug intervention, the pathologic changes and fibrosis in liver tissues were observed by HE staining and Masson's Trichrome staining. The serum alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and liver hydroxyproline (HYP) contents were assayed by biochemical process. The serum hyaluronic acid (HA) was assessed by radioimmunoassay. In addition, the protein expressions of liver TGF-β1 and Caspase-3 were examined by immunohistochemical method. The mRNA expression of TGF-β1 in hepatic tissues was examined by quantitative Real-time PCR analysis.

RESULTCompared with the model group, flavonoids can protect the integrity of the structure of liver tissues, significantly reduce the hepatic cell degeneration and necrosis and the proliferation of fibrous tissues, notably reduce the serum AST, ALT, ALP and HA and HYP in hepatic tissues and down-regulate the protein expressions of liver TGF-β1 and Caspase-3 and the mRNA expression of TGF-β1 in hepatic tissues.

CONCLUSIONThe licorice flavonoids can resist the thioacetamide-induced hepatic fibrosis in rats. Its mechanism may be related to the down-regulation of the protein expressions of TGF-β1 and Caspase-3.

Animals ; Caspase 3 ; analysis ; Flavonoids ; pharmacology ; Glycyrrhiza uralensis ; chemistry ; Hyaluronic Acid ; blood ; Liver ; pathology ; Liver Cirrhosis, Experimental ; chemically induced ; metabolism ; prevention & control ; Male ; RNA, Messenger ; analysis ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Thioacetamide ; Transforming Growth Factor beta1 ; analysis ; genetics

BACKGROUNDThe tendency of tumor cells to disperse throughout the liver is a distinct feature of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Nck family adaptor proteins function to regulate actin cytoskeletal reorganization that leads to cell motility. We previously found that Max binding protein (MNT) was differentially expressed in HCC, and interacted with Nck1 by 2-DE. MNT is a protein member of the Myc/Max/Mad network which plays roles in cell proliferation, differentiation, and death. We investigated the effects of MNT on migration of human liver cancer SK-HEP-1 cells to study the migration regulatory role of MNT in HCC cells.

METHODSInteraction between MNT and Nck1 was further validated in hepatoma cells by GST-pull down assay and immunoprecipitation. siRNAs specific to MNT (MNT siRNA) were used to knockdown MNT expression. Western blotting, transwell assay were used to determine the migration potential of cells.

RESULTSInteraction between MNT and Nck1 was validated in hepatoma cells. MNT knockdown promoted the migration of human liver cancer SK-HEP-1 cells (P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONThe results suggest that MNT, via interaction with Nck1, inhibits hepatoma cell migration.

Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing ; genetics ; metabolism ; Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Leucine Zipper Transcription Factors ; genetics ; metabolism ; Blotting, Western ; Cell Differentiation ; genetics ; physiology ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cell Movement ; genetics ; physiology ; Humans ; Immunoprecipitation ; Liver Neoplasms ; Oncogene Proteins ; genetics ; metabolism ; Protein Binding ; genetics ; physiology ; Repressor Proteins ; genetics ; metabolism ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction