Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a pathogenic mosquito-borne flavivirus which is responsible for outbreaks of severe viral encephalitis. The cellular entry of JEV is a prerequisite for Japanese encephalitis, so the understanding of its underlying mechanisms will provide more approaches for treating such disease. In recent years, increasing research has been conducted to investigate the mechanisms of cellular entry of JEV, and the results of research on other flavivirus have expanded the research directions for JEV. More methods will be used to suppress JEV infection because of the development of E protein antibodies and the discovery of several inhibitors of the cellular entry process. This review will summarize the recent advances in the mechanisms of JEV cellular entry and membrane fusion.
Animals ; Biomedical Research ; trends ; Encephalitis Virus, Japanese ; genetics ; physiology ; Encephalitis, Japanese ; virology ; Humans ; Virus Internalization

AIM:To evaluate the morphological and functional changes of retinas induced by treatment of tunicamycin with optical coherence tomography (OCT) in rats.METHODS:Totally 60 SD rats were randomly divided into 3 groups (20 in each group), 0.5mg/kg (in low dose group), 1.5mg/kg (in high dose group) tunicamycin were injected into vitreous cavity and saline (9g/L NaCl) were injected in the same dose as a control group.Changes of retinas were observed by OCT on the 1,7 and 14d after treatment of tunicamycin.Then the rats were sacrificed, retinas were taken out and embedded by the paraffin, tissue sections and the HE staining were performed.RESULTS:OCT results suggested that tunicamycin played damage effects on retinal morphology and structure which appeared a time-and dose-dependent.Fundus photography results suggested that 2wk after tunicamycin treatments, with the gradually changing of tunicamycin concentration, peripheral retinal and macular region became pale color gradually, edema occurred in optic disk, retinal vessels appeared thinner in the high dose group, optic nerve came out atrophy.Fluorescein angiography confirmed that tunicamycin injection in vitreous cavity 2wk later, retinal vessels injury occurred, resulted in leaking of intravascular contrast agent from peripheral to the central part of the retinas.Electrophysiological data showed that retinal electrogram occurred disorder induced by tunicamycin, such as the amplitude of a wave, b wave decreased gradually, even closed to zero, which was very different from control significantly (P<0.05).HE staining of paraffin sections showed that retina injuries induced by tunicamycin were in dose-time dependent, which was consistent with the results of OCT.CONCLUSION: Clinical retinal diseases could be simulated by retinal damage animal model induced by tunicamycin treatment.OCT detection offered real-time images of the retinal cross-section, which provided a helpful non-invasive method for detecting and evaluating the retinal damages.

Abstract?AIM:To evaluate the pupil light reflex in patients with primary open angle glaucoma, and to investigate the relation between pupil and visual field defect.?METHODS:From July 2014 to October 2015, 115 eyes in 86 patients with primary open angle glaucoma and 23 eyes in 16 healthy individuals were continuously enrolled in this study.All the subjects received comprehensive eye examination, visual field examination ( Humphrey, SITA Standard 24-2 ) and dynamic pupil measurement ( MonCV3 Metrovision) .According to the visual field and the Glaucoma Staging System, the patients with glaucoma were divided into 5 subgroups: stage 1, stage 2, stage 3, stage 4 and stage 5. The parameters of pupillary light reflex were as follows: pupil diameter ( minimum, maximum ) , latency and duration of contraction, latency and duration of dilatation, contraction amplitude, contraction and dilatation speed, and percent of pupil contraction ( PPC ). SPSS 19.0 statistical software was used to analyze the measurement results.?RESULTS:The control group significantly differed from the stage 4 subgroup ( P=0.032 ) and stage 5 subgroup (P=0.014) in terms of minimum pupil diameter; there was significant difference in the pupil contraction speed between groups ( F =648.675, P <0.01 ), and the contraction speed in stage 5 subgroup was significantly lower than those in the other subgroups and control group (P<0.05); the control group significantly differed from the stage 3, stage 4, and stage 5 subgroup in terms of PPC ( P<0.05 ).Pupil contraction speed, PPC and minimum diameter showed correlation with the stages of glaucoma.?CONCLUSION:Pupil contraction ability in patients with primary open angle glaucoma was impaired, and the degree of impairment is related with the degree of visual field defect.

Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; therapeutic use ; Humans ; Vascular Diseases ; prevention & control

Teaching principles and class content were stated for a experimental course of common pathogenic bacteria detection methods for the undergraduate student in food quality and safety major. They include course material preview, advanced teaching methods, combination of teaching and research, graduate teaching assistant, experimental reports writing and experimental skills evaluation. All these means lead to a good teaching outcome.

Objective To study the chemical kinetics characteristics in a new revised method with low usage amount of arsenic trioxide for determining urinary iodine by arsenite-ceric catalytic spectrophotometry using ammonium persulfate digestion,and to study the impact of operating bias in arsenite-ceric reaction temperature and reaction time on final results in this method.Methods The absorbances (A) of arsenite-ceric reaction of iodine standard series were measured at different reaction temperature and time,and the results were analyzed according to the chemical kinetics equation.The change values and half-life of A values of the new revised method and the current standard method were calculated.The chemical kinetics model of reaction system for this new revised method was deduced from experimental results.The calculation formula of result relative error for urinary iodine determination was deduced based on constants reaction temperature and reaction time and reaction rate constant factor.The result relative errors caused by operation deviation of reaction temperature or reaction time in the determination of urinary iodine were calculated.Results The usage amount of arsenious acid solution in the new revised method was only a quarter of usage amount of the current standard method(WS/T 107-2006).A values of each concentration of standard curve series at different reaction time t were obtained,the lnA to t mapping was a straight line,the linear correlation coefficients were-0.9995--0.9999.These results were in accord with the characteristic of chemical first-order reaction.Relationships between the reaction rate constant K and the reaction temperature T in the temperature range of 20-35 ℃ were well accord with Arrhenius equation.The A values and iodine concentrations (C) at various experimental temperatures showed good C =a + blnA linear relation,the absolute value of the linear correlation coefficient(｜ r ｜) ＞ 0.9990.After calculation and comparison of changes in the half-life of A values in the new revised method and in the original standard method at 20,25,30,35 ℃ reaction temperature,half-life of A values of 0-300 μg/L iodine standard series in the new revised method and in the original standard method were 191.0-11.4 min and 66.8-10.2 min at 25℃,respectively.Under the same conditions of 25 ℃ for 40 min,the gradient of A values of 0-300 μg/L iodine standard curve in the new revised method was similar to that of the original standard method(slope-133.7,-139.2,respectively).But differences between A values of standard curve and the reaction initial absorbance(A0) in the original standard method were 1.4 to 3.7 times those of the new revised method.A chemical kinetics model of reacting system for this method was established.A series of urinary iodine results relative error data were obtained when reaction temperature deviation was ± 1,± 0.5,± 0.3 ℃ or reaction time deviation was ± 1 min for sample test tubes.Data showed that relative errors of urinary iodine results caused by reaction temperature deviation or reaction time deviation in the new revised method were less than those of the original standard method.Conclusions The iodine-catalyzed arsenite-ceric reaction in the new revised method is a first-order reaction,when measuring 0-300 μg/L urinary iodine at 20-35 ℃,and 300-1200 μg/L urinary iodine at 20-30 ℃,the calibration relation of C =a + blnA is established when arsenite-ceric catalytic spectrophotometry is kept at a certain stable temperature and in certain stable reaction time.Compared with the original standard method,using the revised method with low usage amount of arsenic trioxide for measuring urinary iodine,the arsenite-ceric reaction rate is slow down.As a result,this method is easier to operate and has better precision and accuracy.

Objective: To investigate the effects of point thread embedding on the learning and memory of the vascular dementia(VD) model rats and the possible mechanisms. Methods: VD rat models were established by employing improved method of Pulsinelli's four-vessel occlusion,then the model rats were treated with point thread embedding.Morris maze test was used to evaluate the learning and memory of the rats.In vivo recording of long term potentiation(LTP) was performed in the dentate gyrus of hippocampus and changes in each experimental group were observed and compared after high-frequency stimulation(HFS).Results: Compared with models group,the results from the Morris tests in treated group(thread embedding group)enhanced significantly(P

The improvement of women and children health,along with the growth in health needs,brings forth new challenges to maternal and children health care institutions.The dual demands of quantity and quality in maternal and children health services compel the institutions to improve capabilities under the current conditions,and more importantly,to further clarify the functional orientation which is the key issue for its development.This article is based on the analysis of the historical development and current situation of the maternal and children health care institutions,which sets up the functional orientation according with the rules and characteristics of maternal and children health services.The paper proposed a series of suggestions on its development,such as the health service admission system,appropriate staffing standards and the institution-construction standards.

Acclimatization ; physiology ; Adult ; Altitude ; Fatty Acid-Binding Proteins ; metabolism ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Myelin Basic Protein ; metabolism ; Nervous System Diseases ; metabolism ; Occupational Exposure ; Succinate Dehydrogenase ; metabolism

Technological improvement for microorgnism isolation is important since isolation provides substantial materials for the exploitation of new microbial resources. In this study, a new approach, dispersion and differential cetrifugation (DDC), was applied in the isolation of acidophilic and acidoduric streptomycetes from 12 acid soil samples. Contrast with traditional method, the new approach yielded satisfying results with 2 - 20 times isolation efficiency and good selectivity. 45 representatives out of 249 streptomycetes isolates, which belonged to 12 color groups, showed morphology and cell wall type consistent with streptomycetes. The optimum pH range for their growth were between pH 4.5 - 5.5. It is proved that we succeeded in the rare-streptomycetes isolation using DDC approach.