Under the background of resident standardization training pilot in Zhejiang province , this paper put forward the scheme of resident doctors standardization training and teacher training for the first time .This paper an-alyzed the necessity of medical ethics education in teacher training and standardization training and the requirements of teacher training in ethical education and ways for ethical education .Carrying out medical ethics education not only improves teachers'medical ethics knowledge , but also let them master the medical ethics teaching methods and skills.

Health Education ; Humans ; Occupational Health Services ; Rural Population

Objective To describe the feat ures of Balo′s concentric sclerosis o n MRI and ~1?H-MRS. Methods Three patients of Balo′s concen tric sclerosis were rep orted on the basis of brain MRI and stereotactic brain biopsy. Proton MR spectro scopy was carried out on 1 patient. Results Multiple ring-li ke lesions of lam inated demyelination alternating with spared white matter were demonstrated in a ll 3 patients, and the lesions were best seen in post-contrast images. ~1 ?H-MR S showed a decreased NAA peak, an increased choline peak, and the presence of la rge lipid peak. Conclusion Balo′s concentric sclerosis has cha racteristic findi ngs on MRI and ~1?H-MRS. MRI is very useful in the diagnosis of Balo′s c oncentric sclerosis.

A moderately thermoacidophilic iron-oxidizing bacterium,designated as strain MLY,was isolated from a coal spoil heap in China.The optimum of temperature for growth is 50℃～54℃.The optimum of pH is 1.2～1.4.The strain MLY is facultative autotroph and grows heterotrophically on yeast extract.It is able to oxidize ferrous iron(Fe 2+ ),pyrite(FeS 2),and elemental sulfur(S 0) autotrophically and mixotrophically in the presence of yeast extract.Autotrophic oxidation of elemental sulfur is relative weak.The comparison of ferrous iron and pyrite oxidation between strain MLY and A10 Thiobacillus ferrooxidans,strain indicated that MLY is one time faster than A10.

Retinal ganglion cells are crucial in the formation of vision. Injury or death of retinal ganglion cells may lead to irreversibly damage of visual function. Glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, hypertension, and other blind leading diseases can cause the damage or progressively apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells. Currently, there is no specific treatment to restore vision damage caused by those diseases. Scholars at home and abroad focus on stem cells transplantation in order to recover the visual function of patients. Two categories are mainly involved in stem cell transplantation, one is the replacement therapy based on stem cells, the other is to promote the secretion of some factors to protect ganglion cells through stem cell transplantation. In this review, we aim to summarize the potential of stems cell transplantation to treat retinal ganglion cells related diseases, and discuss the differentiation of different types of stem cells to retinal ganglion cells.

China ; epidemiology ; Humans ; Occupational Diseases ; epidemiology ; prevention & control ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Trimethyltin Compounds ; analysis ; poisoning

Chromatography, Gas ; Humans

Objective To identify and analyze the species of vaginal lactobacilli between patients with bacterial vaginosis (BV) and healthy women at childbearing age in Inner Mongolia. Methods From Jun. 2008 to Dec. 2008, 203 Mongolian healthy women, 74 Han healthy women and 102 Mongolian patients with BV from 3 pastoral areas were enrolled in this study. Isolation and culture of lactobacilli from vaginal wall were performed by modified culture medium. DNA of lactobacilli were extracted and sequenced. H2O2 were detected by TMB-HRP-MRS. Results(1)The rate of lactobacilli identification were 76.8%(156/203) in Mongolian healthy women and 21.6% (22/102) in Mongolian patients with BV, which reached statistical difference(P＜0.01).Lactobacilli identification in Han healthy women [82.4%(61/74)] did not show significant difference with that of Mongolian healthy women (P＞0.05). (2) The total of 193 strains and 11 species of Lactobacillus were detected in 203 Mongolian healthy women. Meanwhile,22 strains and 4 species of Lactobacillus were found in 102 Mongolian BV cases.(3)The rate of H2O2 generating Lactobacilli was 27.3% (6/22) in Mongolian BV patients and 75.7% (56/74)in Mongolian healthy women, which showed statistical difference(P＜0.05). Conclusions The rate of Lactobacillus was not related with the race of women in pastoral area in Inner Mongolian. The amount of lactobacilli and H2O2 generating Lactobacilli in the vagina of BV patients was remarkably lower than those of healthy women at childbearing age.

Descending activation pathways in spinal cord are essential for inducing and modulating autokinesis, but whether the effects of general anesthetic agents on the descending pathways are involved in initiation of skeletal muscle relaxation or not, as well as the underlying mechanisms on excitatory amino acid receptors still remain unclear. In order to explore the mechanisms underlying etomidate's effects on descending activation of spinal cord motoneurons (MNs), the conventional intracellular recording techniques in MNs of spinal cord slices isolated from neonatal rats (7-14 days old) were performed to observe and analyze the actions of etomidate on excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) elicited by electrical stimulation of the ipsilateral ventrolateral funiculus (VLF), which was named VLF-EPSP. Etomidate at 0.3, 3.0 (correspond to clinical concentration) and 30.0 µmol/L were in turn perfused to MN with steadily recorded VLF-EPSPs. At low concentration (0.3 µmol/L), etomidate increased duration, area under curve and/or half-width of VLF-EPSP and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-mediated VLF-EPSP component (all P < 0.05), as well as amplitude, area under curve and half-width of non-NMDA receptor-mediated VLF-EPSP component (all P < 0.05), or decreased amplitude and area under curve of VLF-EPSP, its NMDA receptor component, and non-NMDA receptor component (all P < 0.05). However, at 3.0 and 30.0 µmol/L, it was only observed that etomidate exerted inhibitory effects on amplitude and/or duration and/or area under curve of VLF-EPSP (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01) with concentration- and time-dependent properties. Moreover, NMDA receptor-mediated VLF-EPSP component was more sensitive to etomidate at ≥ 3.0 µmol/L than non-NMDA receptor-mediated VLF-EPSP component did. As a conclusion, etomidate, at different concentrations, exerts differential effects on VLF-EPSP and glutamate receptors mediating the synaptic transmission of descending activation of MNs in neonatal rat spinal cord in vitro.
Anesthetics, Intravenous ; pharmacology ; Animals ; Animals, Newborn ; Efferent Pathways ; physiology ; Electric Stimulation ; Etomidate ; pharmacology ; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials ; drug effects ; physiology ; Female ; In Vitro Techniques ; Male ; Motor Neurons ; physiology ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate ; drug effects ; physiology ; Spinal Cord ; physiology

Objective To investigate the neural mechanism of inhibitory control in sensation seeking by using the event-related potential(ERP) technique. Methods High and low sensation seekers( 16 people in each group ), who were selected according to their sensation seeking scores, performed a Go/Nogo task in which the stimuli possessed two levels of difficulty. Electro- encephalogram(EEG) signals were recorded continuously by a set of 32 Ag/AgCI electrodes. Results For two types of stimuli ( Congruent, Incongruent) :( 1 )The amplitude(FCZ) of Nogo N2 and Nogo P3 were( (1.61 ±4.25)μV,(-2.32±4.55)μV)and((16.44±5.74)μV,(17.00±5.71)μV). (2)There was no significant main effects of group for the Nogo N2 amplitude( F (1.30) =0.31, P=0. 59,η2=0. 01;F(1.30) =0.07,P=0.80,η2=0.002) ,the N2d amplitude( F(1.30) =1.18,P=0.29,η2=0.04;F(1.30) =0.004, P=0.95, η2 ＜ 0.001 ) ,the Nogo P3 amplitude( F (1.30) =0.13, P=0.72, η2 =0.004;F(1.30)=0.28, P=0.60, η2 =0.009) and the P3d amplitude( F(1.30) =0.08, P=0.50, η2 =0.02; F (1.30) =0.56,P=0.46, η2 =0.02). (3)Neither of main effects for the N2 and P3 latency was significant (P＞0.05). Conclusion The inhibitory control is similar across high and low sensation seeking groups,indicating that there is no relationship between the sensation seeking behaviors and the individual inhibitory control.