Objective To study the effects of naloxone on ?-endorphin (?-EP) in plasma and on myocardial ultrastructure during myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury in rabbits.Methods The myocardial ischemia models and myocardial ischemia -reperfusion injury models in rabbits,by ligating the left anterior descending branch of coronary artery,were used to investigate the changes of ?-EP and ET-1 in plasma during I/R injury, and after treatment with naloxone, an antagonist of opiate receptor. 20 New Zealand rabbits were randomly assigned to 2 groups (each 10 rabbits in naloxone treatment and ischemia-reperfusion group). The bloods were taken at different times in each group. The concentrations of ?-EP and ET-1 were detected with radioimmunology method.The changes of myocardial ultrastructure in samples of myocardial ischemia,were observed through electron microscope.Rseults The levels of ?-EP were significantly improved after I/R injury compared with those before ischemia (P0.05). For ischemia-reperfusion group, most of cardiac muscles were in the contracting state, the myofibril dissolved and broke locally. The edema was found on the circumference of nucleus. For naloxone treatment group, the structure of myofibril was clear and its arrangement was in good order, and no obvious breakage was found. The contracting of myofibril, the edema of mitochondria and kytoplasm were moderating. Conclusion Naloxone may effectively control the levels of ?-EP and the synthesis and secreting of ET-1 after myocardial ischemia and during I/R injury;and reduce the injury to the myocardial ultrastructure and decrease the injury to blood vessel and myocardium.

Classically, MSC are identified by a CD45-CD106+ phenotype. In this study, we found that mouse MSC achieve this characteristic phenotype only at later passages. With increasing passages, CD45 (hematopoietic marker) expression shifts to negativity, whereas CD106 (vascular cell adhesion molecule-1) expression becomes increasingly positive. These results demonstrate that MSC cells cultured from mouse bone marrow acquire a classical MSC immunophenotype (CD45-CD106+) in later passages.

Background: Lipid lowering drugs (LLDs) are widely used. However, reports on its adverse cutaneous drug reactions (ACDRs) are scarce. Objectives: The study objective was to review the patterns of LLD induced ACDRs. Methods: We reviewed all LLDs induced ACDRs reported to MADRAC (Malaysian Adverse Drug Reaction Advisory Committee) from January 2005 till December 2009. Results: LLD induced ACDRs (124 patients) comprised of 2.07% of all ACDRs reported during the study period. Statins were responsible for most cases (81.5%), followed by fibrates (15.8%), selective cholesterol-absorption inhibitors (1.4%) and combination therapies (statin/selective cholesterol-absorption inhibitors and selective prostaglandin-2 receptor inhibitor/ niacin) in 1.4%. Majority were due to lovastatin (42.5%), simvastatin (28.1%) and gemfibrozil (8.9%). The three commonest ACDRs reported with statins usage were non-specific dermatitis (45.0%), pruritus/stinging (25.0%) and urticaria/angioedema (10.0%) while fibrates caused non-specific dermatitis (52.2%), urticaria/angioedema (13.0%) and photodermatitis (9.7%). There was no reported case of photodermatitis associated with statin usage. Interestingly, statins were the offending drugs resulting in all the five cases of vesiculobullous eruptions, two cases of Stevens-Johnson syndrome and one case of dermatomyositis. No mortalities were reported to be associated with LLD induced ACDRs. Conclusions: LLD induced ACDRs were not uncommon. Statins were the main putative drugs implicated in those reactions. Spectrum of ACDRs differed between statin and fibrate although non-specific dermatitis remained the main ACDRs in both classes. The unavailability of guided and classified ACDRs reporting accounted for the large number of non-specific dermatitis. Although most LLD induced ACDRs were mild, statins were reported to cause severe ACDRs.

Pemphigus foliaceous (PF) is an autoimmune blistering disease resulting from acquired immunoglobulin G autoantibodies against desmoglein 1 of the skin, which is one of the adhesion molecules of keratinocytes. Clinically patients with PF develop crusted and scaly erosions mainly over the seborrhoeic distribution i.e. the face, scalp and upper trunk. Mild cases of PF may be localized but in some cases it may progress to erythrodermic exfoliative dermatitis. There is however no mucosal involvement in PF in contrast to pemphigus vulgaris and paraneoplastic pemphigus. Light microscopy of lesional biopsy shows subcorneal acantholysis. Direct immunofluorescence study of perilesional skin reveals presence of intraepithelial intercellular deposit of IgG and C3. We describe 2 cases of PF in the presence of thymoma, a relatively rare association, which could further support the fact of thymoma associated autoimmune disease.

Sweet’s syndrome was first described by Dr. Robert Douglas Sweet in 19641. It was originally described as an ‘acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis’1. There are primarily three subtypes of Sweet’s syndrome, ie. classical Sweet’s syndrome, malignancy-associated Sweet’s syndrome and drug-induced Sweet’s syndrome.We are reporting a case of classical Sweet’s syndrome in a 47-year-old man.

Background Hori’s naevus is an acquired bilateral naevus of Ota-like macules (ABNOM). It was first reported by Hori et al in 1984. It is common among Asians and has a female preponderance. Hori’s naevus is characterised by blue-brown macules typically on the malar region of the face. Objectives To evaluate the clinical characteristics of patients with Hori’s naevus seen at Hospital Kuala Lumpur and the efficacy of Qswitched neodynium-yttrium-aluminium-garnet (Nd:YAG) laser in the treatment of this condition. Method A retrospective analysis of 16 patients diagnosed clinically with Hori’s naevus and treated with Q-switched Nd:YAG laser was carried out. Patient’s demographic data and clinical characteristics, response to Q-switched Nd:YAG laser, complications and recurrence were reviewed. Results A total of 16 patients diagnosed clinically with Hori’s naevus and treated with Q-switched Nd:YAG laser were reviewed. Fifteen of the patients were female with one male. Their ages ranged from 33-61 years old (mean age = 47). Nine of these patients were Chinese with seven Malays. All had Fitzpatrick skin phototype IV. The age of onset ranged from 15-45 years old. The most common clinical presentation was bilateral brown macules on the malar region of the face. Eleven patients received treatment with Q-switched 1064nm Nd:YAG and five combination treatment with Q-switched 532nm Nd:YAG followed by 1064nm laser. Two patients were lost to follow up after a single treatment. After a single treatment, 13 patients graded their clinical response as ‘poor’ (0-25% improvement) and 1 as ‘fair’ (26-50% improvement). Six patients received a total of two treatments of whom 4 graded their response as ‘fair’ (26-50% improvement) and 2 as ‘good’ (51-75% improvement). Two patients who received a total of four treatments graded their responses as ‘good’ and ‘excellent’ (76-100% improvement) respectively. 10 patients had significant hyperpigmentation post laser treatment. However, none reported any recurrences. Conclusion There is no difference in pigment clearance between concurrent use of Q-switched 532nm Nd:YAG laser followed by 1064nm laser and Q-switched 1064nm Nd:YAG laser for Hori’s naevus. However, there is only minimal improvement after a single treatment, and multiple sessions are required to achieve satisfactory improvement. Post inflammatory hyperpigmentation was the main complication seen.

Cutaneous tuberculosis is an old and rare infectious disease. Laennec reported the first case of cutaneous tuberculosis in 1826 and M.tuberculosis was discovered by Koch in 18821. Since then, many cases of cutaneous tuberculosis have been described and classified. The different forms of diseases correlate with the immunologic status of the host, host’s prior sensitization, route of disease transmission, layer of skin primarily involved and rate of disease progression. Nevertheless, the most widely accepted classification is based on the mechanism of disease propagation which can be via direct inoculation, through contiguous infection or via hematogenous route2. Bacterial load has also been used to categorize this disease into multibacillary and paucibacillary forms. Diseases under the multibacillary forms include primary inoculation tuberculosis (tuberculous chancre), scrofuloderma, tuberculous perioficialis, acute miliary tuberculosis and tuberculous gumma. Paucibacillary forms include lupus vulgaris, tuberculosis verrucosa cutis and tuberculids. Strains of M. Tuberculosis complex that can be isolated include M.tuberculosis, M. africanum, M. canetti and M. bovis, M. microti and M.bovis BCG.

Introduction: The increasing prevalence of overweight and obesity among children has become a major public health problem in Malaysia. Parents play an important role in child feeding especially among younger children. Methods: A study was conducted to evaluate the beliefs, attitudes and practices in child feeding among parents of normal weight, as well as overweight and obese primary school children in Kelantan using the Child Feeding Questionnaire (CFQ). This cross-sectional study was carried out on 175 Malay children from three schools in Kota Bharu district in Kelantan. Results: This study showed that 13.1% of the children were overweight and obese. Scores for perceived parent weight (p<0.05) and perceived child weight (p<0.001) were significantly higher among parents of overweight and obese children compared to parents of children with normal body weight. However, the score for pressure to eat among parents of overweight and obese children was significantly lower (p<0.05) than parents of normal weight children. The perceived child weight (r=0.468, p<0.01), perceived parental weight (r=0.190, p<0.05) and food restriction (r=0.179, p<0.05) factors were found to be positively correlated with children’s body mass index (BMI), whereas pressure to eat factor (r=-0.355, p<0.01) was negatively correlated with children’s body mass index (BMI). Conclusion: The findings showed that parental feeding practices were linked to children’s weight status and childhood obesity. Therefore parents should be given education and guidance on appropriate child feeding practices to maintain their child’s nutritional status on a healthy weight range.

Introduction: The objective of this cross-sectional study was to determine the body somatotypes, anthropometric characteristics and physical activity levels of young adults. Methods: Using a systematic sampling approach, a total of 180 students were recruited from three institutions of higher learning in the state of Kelantan. Body weight, height and other anthropometric dimensions including skinfold, bone breadth and limb girth were measured to determine their body mass index (BMI) and body somatotypes. Physical activity level was determined using the Short Form - International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). Results: Almost half (49.4%) of the respondents were with a mean age of 21.5 (1.5), and mean BMI of 22.1 (4.5) kg/m2. The proportion of overweight and obese respondents based on the World Health Organisation (WHO) classification was 17.2% and 6.7%, respectively. In terms of body somatotype, 57.2% and 18.3% of them were classified as endomorphic and mesomorphic somatotype groups respectively, while another 24.4% were ectomorphic. The IPAQ scoring protocol indicated that 35.0% of them achieved high physical activity levels, while 19.3% reported low physical activity levels. There were significantly more endomorphic females, whereas the males significantly dominated the mesomorphic somatotype group. Conclusion: Respondents with mesomorphic body somatotype (relative muscularity) were categorised as obese under the BMI classification although their body weight could be due to higher skeletal/muscle mass. The somatotyping method can be used as an additional tool to the conventional BMI indicators for assessing adiposity.

Introduction Skin cancer is ranked the ninth commonest cancer among males and tenth among females in Malaysia. Objectives To review the pattern of skin cancers at University Malaya Medical Centre (UMMC). Methods This is a retrospective review of all histo-pathological confirmed skin cancers at UMMC from 2004 till 2010. Results Among the 155 patients reviewed, basal cell carcinoma (BCC) was the commonest skin cancer (44.5%), followed by squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) (27.1%) and malignant melanoma (MM) (11.6%). The nodulo-ulcerative subtype made up 46% of all BCC while 50% of MM was of acral lentiginous subtype. Patients with BCC were significantly older (>60 years old), (p=0.003). A majority of skin cancers were found on the head and neck. Conclusion BCC was the commonest skin cancer, with significantly older patients and located mainly on head and neck. MM was the least common skin cancer but associated with the highest mortality.