OBJECTIVE:To facilitate the construction of Chinese pharmaceutical profession associations. METHODS: We analyzed the current situation and problems existing in Chinese pharmaceutical profession association as well as the developmental experience of foreign pharmaceutical associations then put forward suggestions for the development of pharmaceutical profession associations in China. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS: The sound development of pharmaceutical profession associations calls for the cooperated efforts of government, profession association and pharmaceutical enterprises, meanwhile its function as bridge and tie between pharmaceutical enterprises and government should be brought into full play.

OBJECTIVE:To further perfect the discipline theory of pharmaceutical administration in China.METHODS:The processes and methods of the discipline theory construction of pharmaceutical administration was studied by deductive theory and‘taking root’theory.RESULTS&CONCLUSION:The pharmaceutical administration theory is characterized by diverse and empirical,to make it improved,more research work needs to be done.

OBJECTIVE:To provide references for Chinese drug distribution reform.METHODS:The drug distribution model in USA was briefly introduced and compared with that in China.The difficulties and orientations in Chinese drug distribution reform were put forward.RESULTS &CONCLUSIONS:Drug distribution reform should be carried out cautiously.Our government should deal well with the relationships between different interested parties and set up a reimbursement mechanism in medical institutions in order to facilitate the reform.

There are multiple sophisticated approaches that can be used in estimations on health effects resulting from environmental pollution. By comparison, human capital approach and averted expenditure approach are not suitable to be the first choice because of the insufficient capability of capturing all aspects of health effects. Date availability and estimation extrapolation limit the application of hedonic wage approach and hedonic price approach. It has been accepted universally for the flexible technique provided by contingent valuation approach that any health effects can be separately evaluated depending on researchers' purposes. Based on the powerful macroeconomic theory, general equilibrium theory, the CGE model is powerful to simulate the mechanism of interaction between multi-sectors with a national economic system so as to objectively reflect the health impacts on national economy due to environmental pollution.

OBJECTIVE:To discuss the routes for research and development of traditional Chinese medicine.METH?ODS:Comparative and multi-phase thinking methods were used to analyze the difference and commonness between tradi?tional Chinese medicine and Western medicine,then the research and development goals and routes of traditional Chinese medicine were established.RESULTS&CONCLUSION:Research and development of tradition Chinese Medicine should be carried forward on the basis of"tradition",that is modern methods combined with traditional theories,or modern methods combined with modern theories.In other words,the same goal can be achieved by different routes.

OBJECTIVE:To make sure who is liable for Adverse Drug Reactions(ADRs)and what kind of legal obligation should they bear and how to bear.METHODS:The concerned laws and regulations were studied by literature research method and comparative study method.RESULTS:The legal obligations involved in ADRs were tort liability and administrative liability.The obligation attribution principles were different.The fault principle should be applied to the unpredicted“develop_ mental danger”of drugs.CONCLUSION:The compensatory and relieving acts related to ADRs damages should be formulated in China.

OBJECTIVE:To provide references for China in the formulation of international marketing strategy of tradi?tional Chinese medicine(TCM).METHODS:Related literatures were referred to and the current international marketing con?cepts of Chinese traditional medicine in China were analyzed.RESULTS&CONCLUSION:The internationalized target market for TCM is indefinite,the international market demand is unknown,the propaganda is without a definite aim,and the language platform for international academic communication is insufficient.It is suggested that the target market for TCM should aimed at general nursing,chronic and stubborn diseases,the efficacy and safety of TCM should be verified by control experiment and cost-effectiveness analysis,the international communication abilities of TCM and its practitioners should be improved so as to facilitate the internalization of TCM.

OBJECTIVE:To provide suggestions for dealing with public emergency in China. METHODS:Through consulting the FDA guidelines for emergency management,the study was done by reviewing literature and comparison study. RESULTS:USA has established complete legal system for emergency management. FDA has established complete organization chart of emergency response with the emergency operation center as its focal point and various centers and offices providing support to resolve all kinds of emergencies. CONCLUSIONS:A complete legal system for emergency management is required in China,the most importance of which is to set up an emergency operation center in SFDA with a set of supporting departments. It is urgent to establish practical emergency response plans.

OBJECTIVE:To provide references for the accountability of civil liability induced by different causes.METHODS:Literature retrieval and case study were applied to analyze the civil liability of pharmaceutical manufacturers and medical institution in medication misadventures.RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS:At present it is difficult for patients who suffered from medication misadventures caused by drug quality defects,drug adverse reaction or medication errors to claim.The main reasons are imperfect relevant law system and the vacancy of compensation mechanism of drug-induced injury events.It is suggested to establish technology institution for evaluating medication misadventures,state relief and compensation system and encourage pharmaceutical manufacturers to buy products liability insurance.

OBJECTIVE:To put forward some suggestion to improve drug bidding system in China.METHODS:The process of drug bidding system reform and its common problems were analyzed.Game theory and information asymmetry theory were adopted to analyze the root of the problems and to put forward suggestions.RESULTS:Governments indiscriminately expanded the goals of bidding policy and strengthen price factor.They neglected important steps such as logistics distribution.Current single evaluation system can not count the medication order exactly.Delayed received payment of medical institution resulted in many problems of drug purchase.CONCLUSION:Centralized drug bidding system should be improved and enhanced.It also should be connected with relevant medical system reform to standardize drug circulation channels,reduce drug price and reduce the burden of patient.