Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is one of the major complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), which results in a high risk of mortality. Thus, the cardiovascular safety of new anti-diabetic agents has become an important prob?lem with wide concern. There are two classes of incretine-based medications: glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1RA) and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor (DPP-4I). It has been demonstrated that GLP-1RA and DPP-4I possesse beneficial actions in both animal models of cardiovascular dysfunction and patients with ischemic heart diseases. However, their effects on the cardiovascular system in diabetic patients with heart diseases are still uncertain. Here, we sys?tematically reviewed the effects of GLP-1RA and DPP-4I on cardiovascular system to provide more evidence of incretin-based therapy application for diabetes and complications.

Mitochondria play an important role in energy ( ATP ) production through oxidative phosphorylation pathway and the regulation of cell death by apoptosis. Mitochondrial dysfunction has been implicated in the pathophysiology of a number of neurodegenerative diseases. Glaucoma as a neurodegenerative disorder, mitochondrial oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of glaucoma and the damage of RGCs has received close attention in recent years. ln this article, we reviewed the current evidences and recent advances in the relationship between mitochondrial oxidative stress and the RGCs apoptosis.

As a new biomarker and a member of transforming growth factor super family,growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15) is increased in some pathological situations,and plays a positive role.Increasing evidence from animals and clinical trials has indicated that GDF-15 is a promising biomarker to be used for diagnosis,screening,risk stratification and prognosis evaluation in acute coronary syndrome,heart failure and pulmonary vascular diseases.However,there are still numerous challenges and problems need to be resolved in the future,such as appropriate cut-off value in diagnosis and risk stratification in different cardiovascular diseases,improvement in sensitivity and specificity,and combinational application with other biomarkers.

Objective To investigate the clinical effect of par ti al pulpotomy in the dreatment of complicated crown fracture of permanent inciso rs with pulp exposure. Methods 44 soldiers suffering from compl icated crown fracture of the incisors with exposure of pulp as a result of injur y 46 during training were enrolled for study. Altogetber teeth were treated with partial pulpotomy, and they were followed-up for 1 to 5 years. Result One of the teeth was found fo have pulp necrosis one year after treatm ent dut to falling off of the filling. The treatment failed in other toeth dut t o polpitis 2 to 4 years later. The treatment was successful in 42 teeth (91.3%) . Conclusion Partial pulpotomy was an effective treatment for c omplicated crown fracture of permanent incisors with exposureof pulp.

OBJECTIVE: How to promote the generation of neural stem cells (NSCs) and induce them differentiate into the goal cell type has been the focus of neuroscience. In this article, we review the adjustment of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) to the proliferation and differentiation of NSCs. DATA SOURCES: A computer-based online search of Medline database was undertaken to identify the related articles published in English from January 1998 to March 2006 by using the keywords of "bFGF, EGF, nerve stem cells". At the same time, Chinese relevant articles were searched in China National Knowledge Infrastruction published between January 2000 and March 2006 with the same keywords in Chinese. STUDY SELECTION: The data were selected firstly to look over the citations of every literature. Inclusive criteria: Articles related to the effect of bFGF and EGF on the proliferation and differentiation of NSCs. Exclusive criteria: Duplicate research or Meta analysis. DATA EXTRACTION: A total of 78 related articles were collected, of which 32 accorded with the inclusive criteria and 46 with duplicate or old contents literatures were eliminated. Among the 32 literatures, 8 involved in the research status of NSCs, 10 about the effect of bFGF on the proliferation and differentiation of NSCs and the mechanism, 4 involved in the effect of EGF on the proliferation and differentiation of NSCs and the mechanism, respectively, 8 related to the effect of bFGF and EGF together, and 5 related to the comparison of the effect of bFGF and EGF. DATA SYNTHESIS: ①NSCs are self-renewed, and can differentiate into different stem cells and mature tissue cells in different microenvironment. Many cytokines in the microenvironment play essential roles in the differentiation direction of NSCs. ②bFGF has strong improvement effect on the proliferation of NSCs and can activate the potential regeneration capacity of neuronal precursor cell in distinct areas of central nervous system, proliferation and differentiation of cells present bFGF concentration dependent. ③EGF can improve the growth of NSCs, and promote them differentiate into neuron and glial cells; its effect of facilitating cell proliferation also presents concentration dependent. ④To elevate the efficacy of proliferation and differentiation of NSCs, allied application of bFGF and EGF is usual in NSCs culture. ⑤There is not a unified cognition to the effect difference of bFGF and EGF. CONCLUSION: bFGF and EGF have powerful effect to improve the proliferation and differentiation of NSCs; therefore, both of them are important neural somatomedin. Moreover, their effects present concentration dependent.

It is important to analyze the epidermal growth factor receptor ( EGFR) mutation before makingstrategyonnon-small cell lung cancer ( NSCLC) patients scheduled to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor ( TKI) therapy .Digital PCR is a new generation of molecular diagnostic technique that provides ultra-highersensitive, specific and absolute nucleic acid quantification based on its unique principle.The application of digital PCR indetecting circulate tumor DNA can be the truly tumorliquid biopsy, helps to acquire the accurate EGFR mutation status from peripheral blood and screen out the most appropriate patients for TKI therapy.This breakthrough technology will also contribute to tumor surveillance and drug resistance monitoring.

Objective To identify appropriate subjects for public hospitals social evaluation which fit and match the public hospital social evaluation index system.Methods The methods of literature review,expert consulting and comprehensive evaluation were used.SWOT analysis,appropriateness ranking and classification were made to such six evaluation subj ects as civil servants,medical workers, professional organizations,patients and their family,the public at large and mass media representatives. Results For the support dimension,the top three appropriate evaluation subj ects are professional social organizations,the public at large and medical workers in turn.For the process dimension,the top three subj ects are social professional organizations,civil servants and the public at large.For the result dimension,the top three are professional organizations,the public at large and civil servants.Conclusions Diversified evaluation subj ects independently represented and guided by non-government third-party professional organizations seem a better solution for China′s present specifics.Such a mechanism is authorized by the government,involving patients and their family,the public and social observers,and mass media representatives,supported and coordinated by government departments and public hospitals.

OBJECTIVE:To explore the effect of health intervention on blood pressure,medication compliance and the quali-ty of life in elderly patients with hypertension. METHODS:64 elderly patients with hypertension were selected and randomly divid-ed into observation group and control group,with 32 cases in each group. Both groups were given Amlodipine besylate tablet 5 mg,qd. Control group received routine hypertension knowledge education and regular recheck by guidance. Observation group addi-tionally received health intervention on the basis of control group. The blood pressure control,cognitive level of patients to hyper-tension,medication compliance,the level of trust in physicians and quality score of life were compared between 2 groups before and after intervention. RESULTS:There was no statistical significance in systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure be-tween 2 groups before intervention (P>0.05). After intervention,systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure of 2 groups were decreased significantly,and the observation group was significantly lower than the control group,with statistical significance (P<0.05). There was no statistical significance in cognitive level of patients to hypertension,medication compliance,the level of trust in physicians and quality score of life between 2 groups before intervention (P>0.05). After intervention,the observation group was better than the control group in terms of cognitive level of patients to hypertension,medication compliance,the level of trust in physicians and quality score of life,with statistical significance(P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS:Health intervention can effec-tively improve the cognitive level of elderly patients with hypertension to hypertension,improve the medication compliance and the level of trust in physicians,control blood pressure and improve the quality of life.

BACKGROUND: The neurological basis for learning and memory is the high plasticity of central nervous system, and special rehabilitative training is necessary in the process of the functional recombination of central nervous system.OBJECTIVE: To observe the capability of rehabilitative training in differentiating learning ability and memory maintaining of one-trial passive avoidance response, and its correlation with the kinetic properties of Nmethyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor channel of contralateral hippocampal neuron in rats with cerebral infarction.DESIGN: A randomized control animal trial.SETTING: Department of Rehabilitative Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Luzhou Medical College.MATERIALS: The experiment was carried out in the central laboratory of Luzhou Medical College between March 2000 and February 2002. Twentyfour male Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups with 8 rats in each: free movement after cerebral infarction group (model group), rehabilitative training after cerebral infarction group (rehabilitation group) and normal group.METHODS: ① Model establishment: Rats in the model group and rehabilitation group were made into models of infarction of right middle cerebral artery, and those in the normal group were not given any treatment. ②Rehabilitative training: After 4 days, only the rats in the rehabilitation group were trained with rolling-cage exerciser, screen exerciser and balance exerciser for 4 weeks. ③ Learning and memory tests: The learning and memory performances of all the rats were tested at 35 days postoperatively. The Y-maze test was applied to mainly observe the needed number f training for the rats to reach 9/10 correct response (for running to dark arm), and the multi-functional conditioned reflex box to observe the stayed duration on the diving board (step-through latency). ④ The single channel current property of NMDA receptor in hippocampal neurons was recorded with cell adhesion after learning and memory tests.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: ① training times needed for the rats to grasp the structure of the maze in each group; ② step-through latency in each group; ③ single channel current property of NMDA receptor in each group.RESULTS: All the 24 rats were involved in the analysis of results. ① The training times needed for the rats to grasp the structure of the maze in the rehabilitation group and normal group were significantly different from that in the model group [(68.02±11.67), (57.62±10.31), (107.07±16.32) times, P ＜0.05], and there was no significant difference between the rehabilitation group and normal group (P＞0.05). ② The medians of step-through latency before shock in the rehabilitation group and normal group were significantly different from that in the model group (286.7 s, 298.4 s, 126.7 s, P ＞0.05), and there was no significant difference between the rehabilitation group and normal group (P＞0.05). ③ The 35 pS short open NMDA receptor channel mainly existed in the hippocampal neurons of rats in the rehabilitation group, the open proportion was 0.099±0.007. The duration and proportion of 20 pS short and long open and the 35 pS short open NMDA receptor channels in the hippocampal neurons of rats were not significantly different from those in the normal group (P＞0.05). In the model group, 20 pS open channel was mainly observed, and the durations of 20 pS short and long open channels were obviously shorter than those in the rehabilitation group, the open proportion of 35 pS short open channel was 0.036t0.04, which was lower than that in the rehabilitation group,but no 35 pS long open channel was observed.CONCLUSION: Rehabilitative training accelerates the recovery of the learning and memory abilities of rats with cerebral infarction by changing the NMDA receptor channel properties of contralateral hippocampal neurons.

[Objective]To explore the professor Yu Tugen’s experience, in order to provide reference for clinical medication and the study of atopic der-matitis. [Methods] Treatment based on syndrome differentiation. First, through the analysis of etiology and pathogenesis and clinical manifestations of atopic dermatitis, it is divided into types, respectively analyze each type, discuss the experience in the treatment of various types; then give examples of the treat-ment experience of dampness heat syndromes, analysis of diagnosis and treatment system.[Result]Atopic dermatitis is divided into the types of damp-heat accumulation, spleen deficient aggregates the skin wet, wind formation from blood deficiency. After dialectical treatment, symptom is relieved.[Conclusion] This topic comprehensively summarizes the famous expert Yu Tugen ’s academic thought and clinical experience of atopic dermatitis of the types of damp-heat accumulation, provides a more complete treatment concept based on syndrome differentiation of TCM of atopic dermatitis, to relieve pain and improve the quality of life.