OBJECTIVE:To investigate the rule for circulation system structure of drug market,and to analyze drug circulation costs.METHODS:The rules for macrostructure and microstructure of drug circulation were analyzed.The quantitative conception of circulation links(y),circulation extents(n),last nodes(m) and transaction relations were introduced and their relationship were investigate using mathematic model.The proportions of transaction relation in various sections were adopted to analyze circulation cost.RESULTS:There were rules for macrostructure and microstructure of drug circulation.The microstructure showed as a dendrogram circulation structure.Last nodes(m) and circulation extents(n) determinated circulation links(y),relationship between them was y=lnm/lnn.The proprotion of transaction relations in the last link was much higher than in the middle links.CONCLUTIONS:According to the mathematic model,transaction relations mainly concentrate in the last link.As a result it is not possible for us to cut down the quantity of transaction relations and the circulation costs through compaction of the middle links.

OBJECTIVE:To reveal the relationship between mark-up rate and false high price of drug and to study the formation mechanism of drug brokerage.METHODS:Based on the concrete condition,the ratio of circulation costs to production costs was analyzed with mathematical technology to establish price curve equation.The price base line and the formation mechanism of drug brokerage at condition of mark-up rate were analyzed.RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS:If the circulation costs had no elasticity and mark-up rate(?) was less than the ratio of circulation cost to production cost,there were three kinds of results:if price was determined according to the rule,drug had withdrawn from the market in view of unbalance of the circulation costs;false production costs induced the false high price of drug;brokerage of drugs were conducted.Theoretically the less the value of ? makes,the more false high price and brokerage of drug are.

Objective To develop and verify a reporter gene assay(RGA) for the detection of biological activity of human growth hormone(hGH).Methods The biological activity of hGH was evaluated by the expression of luciferase(Luc)activated by hGH binding to hGH receptor(hGHR) on HEK293/GH-Luc cell membrane.The developed detection conditions were as follows:the initial concentration of sample was 1 μg/mL;the cell inoculation amount was(2.45～2.66) × 10~4 cells/well;the sample was of 3-fold serial dilution,with a total of 8 dilutions and the incubation time was 18～24 h.The relative biological activity of the sample was calculated by measuring Luc intensity and comparing it with the national standard by four-parameter fitting.The developed method was verified for specificity,repeatability,intermediate precision,relative accuracy,linear range and durability.Results The excipient components in product and the serum components in culture medium showed no effect on the activity detection results;The geometric coefficient of variation(GCV) of relative titer of one batch of samples in six repeated detections was 6.794%,much lower than 20%.The relative titer GCV detected by two experimenters in different batches of samples at different times were both lower than 20%;The relative deviations of the relative titer determination values of samples at different concentrations were within ±12%,the slope of linear regression equation was 0.982,the linear range was 0.6～1.6 μg/mL,and the coefficient of determination(R~2) was 0.997;The GCV of three batches of stock solutions and one batch of finished products were 4.758%,4.430%,7.294% and 2.771% respectively under the conditions of different cell generation,cell density and sampling location,all of which were less than 20%.Conclusion The developed RGA showed good specificity,repeatability,intermediate precision,relative accuracy,linear range and durability,which met the application requirements and was expected to replace the traditional in vivo biological activity detection methods for the activity evaluation and quality control of hGH.

Objective To assess the ability of the new software SonoAVC to measure follicular volume and to compare these volume calculations with those made by conventional methods. Methods Three-dimensional ultrasound imaging was used to acquire volumetric data from the ovaries of 50 women undergoing controlled ovarian stimulation as part of in-vitro fertilization treatment. SonoAVC was used to automatically measure the volume of follicles and virtual organ computer-aided analysis(VOCAL) was also applied to measure volume, which was used as the standard of volume measurement. And the three perpendicular diameters (xyz diameters) of follicles were manually measured by conventional two-dimensional(2D) ultrasound, which were used to estimate volume using the sphere formula. And the validity of each technique was compared using limits of agreement. Results One hundred and seventy-six follicles were studied. SonoAVC and VOCAL provided highly accurate and repeatable follicular volume measurements in all cases. Volumes estimated from manually derived follicular diameter measurements were less accurate and repeatable. VOCAL took more time in follicular volume of measurement than SonoAVC and conventional 2D displays. Conclusions SonoAVC provides highly accurate, repeatable,and efficient measurements of follicular volume.

he proangiogenic effect.

Objective To investigate the 9 . 4 T of DTT in the diagnosis of SD rat C6 cerebral gliomas model about the change of CST on tumor progression and pathology confirmed. Methods ①10 μl C6 cell suspension of 106 cells number were implanted into the right caudate nucleus of brain hemisphere of 20 adult male SD rat with ster-eotactic technique. ②Application of 9. 4 T of DTT and DTI, meanwhile the routine T1-weighted imaging(T1WI), T2-weighted imaging(T2WI), contrast-enhanced T1WI,FLAIR imaging and diffusion tensor of the brain were ac-quired. Anatomic relationship between cerebral glioma and surrounding white matter fiber tracts was analyzed and measured the values of FA and MD in different areas on fractional anisotropic ( FA) map, color-coded directional map, three-dimensional (3D) white matter fiber tracts map, then stained with routine HE. Results All of SD rat C6 cerebral gliomas models 3 D white matter fiber tracts map by means of FA maps of DTI were successfully comple-ted. Apparently significant differences of FA values were found in solid tumor, surrounding edema, compared with normal white matter regions ( P<0.05 );but there was no significant difference among solid tumor and surrounding edema region (P>0.05);there were significant differences of MD values between solid tumor, surrounding edema and normal white matter region ( P<0.05 ) . Conclusion The 9 . 4 T of DTT offers the optimal visualization of An-atomic relationship between cerebral glioma and surrounding white matter fiber tracts in the different periods of the tumor moder.

Objective To examine the protective effects of allopregnanolone against pentylenetetrazol- induced seizures. Methods The protective effects of allopregnanolone against pentylenetetrazol- induced seizures were studied in C57 mice and SD rats 15 minutes after vehicle or drug intraperitoneal (ip) administration. Results The pretreatment with the allopregnanolone produced a dose- dependent protective effect against pentylenetetrazol- induced seizures. The potencies (ED50 values) were 4.7 mg/kg and 9.8 mg/kg for mice and rats, respectively. Conclusion Allopregnanolone has anticonvulsant activity against pentylenetetrazol- induced seizures in rodents.

Insulin resistance(IR) is a independent risk factor of ichemic angiopathy .The abnormal state of thrombosis and fibrinolysis is a critical pathology component of IR,and play a vital role in initiating and developing cardiovasculer disease. Under IR state, the,inhancement of plasminogen-activator inhibitior-1(PAI-1)synthesis by adipose tissue and the reduced generation of nitric oxide with endothelial dysfunction contribute to the hypo-fibrinolytic/pro-thrombotic state and promote atherosclerotic. Accompanied with IR developing, when B cell function can't keep normal glycemia, the advanced glycosylation end products(AGEs) are increased as a result of hyperglycemia. AGEs can aggravate endothelial injury and accelerate the course of atherosclerotic. Fully comprehending the pathogenesis of thrombosis and fibrinolysis in IR and taking therapy for the pathology have clinical significance.

Objective To analyze the subject frequency and score proportion of the national unified examination papers of Nursing Research according to the topic content,in order to offer proposals for the reformation and optimization of the examination,and provide self-test-takers with references of improving learning methods and results.Methods The papers of the subject of Nursing Research during October 2008 to January 2013 had been statistically analyzed following the syllabus.Results Comprehensive coverage of knowledge point existed in the papers of the recent five years.The theme of measurement of research tools (5.8％) and basic procedures of nursing research (7.0％) took a smaller proportion compared with nursing research design (16.0％) and nursing papers writing(16.3％).Conclusions The contents of the 10 papers of the past 5 years concentrate high attentions and emphasis on the comprehension and application of the basic theory and methods,which accord with the goals and requirements of this subject in the training of the research ability.

Objective To assess the quality of life and its influencing factors in ellerly patients with advanced cancer.Methods The quality of life was evaluated with EORTC QLQ-C30 scale Chinese version in 103 elderly patients with advanced cancer in a hospital outpatient clinic of Beijing from July 2013 to July 2014.The overall health,physical function,role function,cognitive function,emotional function,social function and individual symptoms score were assessed.The general information and clinical data of patients were analyzed.Results The general score of quality of life in elderly advanced cancer patients was (35.77 ± 21.98).In the domain of function the role functional score was the lowest (36.60 ± 27.97);in the domain of symptoms the tired score was the highest(50.82 ± 30.16),the score of appetite loss was the highest in individual symptoms (39.78 ± 24.32).Educational level,marital status,living condition,medical insurance and the number of comorbidities were correlated with overall health in elderly patients with advanced cancer (P ＜ 0.05).Multiple linear regression analysis showed that the educational level (t =2.447,P ＜ 0.05),marital status (t =2.118,P ＜ 0.05),medical insurance (t =3.770,P ＜ 0.05) and overall health status were positively correlated with the quality of life scores;and number of eomorbidities (t =-7.157,P ＜ 0.05) was negatively associated with the overall quality of life.Conclusion The quality of life was generally poor in elderly patients with advanced cancer;and educational level,marital status,medical insurance,comorbidities are important influencing factors.