The effect of low-frequency jump-training on bone was investigated in intact (Intact) and ovariectomized (OVX) rats. Rats were divided into the following three groups for each experiments: sedentary (Intact-Sedentary and OVX-Sedentary), training once per week (Intact-1T and OVX-1T), and training three times per week (Intact-3T and OVX-3T) . The jump-training started at the age of 11 weeks for the Intact rats, and 12 weeks for the OVX rats, The jump-training protocol was 10 times day, 1 or 3 days week for 8 weeks, with a jumping-board height of 45 cm for the Intact experiment and 40 cm for the OVX experiment. After training, the fat-free dry weight, maximum breaking force, and bone morphometry in the right tibia were determined. The fat-free dry weight and maximum breaking force for the training groups in both experiments were significantly higher than those for the respective sedentary groups, though there were no significant differences between training groups. In the Intact experiment, the increases of cortical area at the tibia midlength in both training groups were especially remarkable. llowever in the OVX experiment, there were no significant differences between the sedentary and training groups in cross-sectional analysis. These results indicate that low-frequency jump-training had beneficial effects in term of increased bone mass and strength in the Intact rats and the OVX rats as well.

Structural and mechanical adaptations of the femur and tibia to jump and run training were investigated in female Fischer 344 rats. Rats aged 4 weeks were trained for 8 weeks after 1 week of stabilization. In experiment A, the forced run-trained (speed : 30 m/min, duration: 1 h/day) group was compared with the control group. In experiment B, voluntary run and jump-trained (height : 40 cm, 100 times/day) groups were compared with the control group. The limb bones of the jump-trained group had greater cross-sectional areas and greater maximum load in a fracture test than the limb bones of the control group, but there was no significant difference in bone length between the jump-trained group and the controls. The bone adaptations to forced running and voluntary running were similar. The limb bones of both run groups were longer than those of each control group. The cross-sectional areas and the maximum load in the run-trained groups were greater than those in each control group but less than those in the jump-trained group. The present results indicate that bone adaptations to jump training and run training differ and that jump training is more effective for building stronger bones.

A study was performed to examine the effect of plasma lactate concentration on intravascular hemolysis during exercise. Seven men performed maximal and submaximal exercise on a cycle ergometer. The maximal exercise was performed as a graded exercise until exhaustion. The mean performance time of the maximal exercise was 15 min and 4 s. The submaximal exercise was performed for 30 min at 50% HRmax. Blood samples were obtained before, immediately after, and one hour after exercise. Plasma lactate concentration, hematocrit (Ht), and serum haptoglobin concentration (Hp) were measured. Hp was corrected by Ht for hemoconcentration and expressed as HpC. Plasma lactate concentration was elevated significantly (p<0.05) immediately after maximal exercise, and returned to the baseline values one hour after exercise, whereas plasma lactate concentration did not change after submaximal exercise. Hp and HpC did not change even after maximal exercise. These results suggest that the elevation in plasma lactate concentration may not affect intravascular hemolysis during exercise.

Mechanical stress imposed by physical exercise is known to play an important role in increasing bone mass and preventing osteoporosis. As repetitional loadings may diminish mechano-sensitivity of bone cell, understanding shifts in mechano-sensitivity is important for making an effective training program for bones. The primary purpose of this study was to investigate bone responses when rats performed 400 repetitions of jump exercise in total using different training programs over 40 days. The secondary purpose was to clarify whether loading magnitude affects the results. This study comprised two experiments (EX1, EX2). In each experiment, 60 female Wistar rats (10-weeks-old) were divided into 1 sedentary group and 4 exercise groups. The 4 exercise groups were exercised with 10 jumps every day (10 jumps/day), 20 jumps every other day (20 jumps/2 days), 50 jumps every 5 days (50 jumps/5 days) or 100 jumps every 10 days (100 jumps/10 days). Jump height was set at 40 cm in EX1 and 30 cm in EX2. After 40 days, the 10 jumps/day, 20 jumps/2 days and 50 jumps/5 days groups in EX1 and EX2 showed significantly greater bone mass and strength compared to each sedentary group, although differences in training effects between these 3 groups were little. The 100 jumps/10 days group in EX1 also showed significantly greater bone mass and strength compared to the sedentary group, but the training effect was less. The 100 jumps/10 days group in EX2 did not show significantly greater bone mass and strength compared to the sedentary group. These results suggest that exercise everyday or every other day is not always necessary for bone development.

The extensive use of food additives has increased the phosphorous content of the modern diet, while calcium intake has remained similar to past levels according to the national standards of nutrient intake. Although exercise increase bone mineral content, the intake of phosphorus may change the exercise effect. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of jump exercise on bone and phosphate-calcium metabolism in rats consuming high levels of dietary phosphorous. Forty-two male Wistar rats aged 8 weeks were fed either a high-phosphorus diet with a 2.0 P/Ca ratio or a normal diet with a 1.0 P/Ca ratio. Rats from each dietary group were then further assigned to undergo 8 weeks of jump exercise or to be sedentary controls. Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that the bone mineral content (P<0.001), strength (P<0.001), transverse thickness (P<0.001), and longitudinal thickness (P<0.001) of the tibial diaphysis were increased by jump exercise in both dietary groups. The concentrations of serum inorganic phosphorus (P<0.001), FGF23 (P<0.001), and 1-25 (OH) vitamin D (P<0.001) were increased by a high phosphorus diet, and the concentrations of serum total calcium (P<0.05) and 1-25 (OH) vitamin D (P<0.05) were increased by jump exercise in both groups. In conclusion, exercise is important to increase bone mass and bone strength in a high phosphorus intake state.