The aim of the study was to measure the cross-sectional area of the psoas major muscle (P-ACSA) in high school athletes and to produce a P-ACSA index independent of body size using an allometric modeling approach to examine the differences in gender and sport specialization. The subjects were 254 female (16.8±0.8 yrs) and 540 male (16.9±0.8 yrs) high-level high school athletes from 17 different sports. Fat-free mass (FFM) was measured by the Bod Pod system (LMI) and P-ACSA was determined by magnetic resonance imaging at the center of the L4-L5 transverse level. Since the power function model fit the data better than a simple linear model in the correlation between FFM and P-ACSA, and the power exponent parameter was almost equal to the theoretically anticipated 2/3 in both genders, the P-ACSA per FFM^2/3 as well as the absolute P-ACSA was calculated. Both of the absolute P-ACSA and P-ACSA per FFM^2/3 were significantly different according to gender and the sport specialization. While volleyball and badminton players and canoeists showed smaller P-ACSA, in accordance with the previous studies on senior sprinters, high school sprinters also showed predominant development of P-ACSA regardless of gender. These results suggested that regular involvement in sprinting activity could affect the size of the psoas major muscle in high school athletes.

Oxidative stress is thought to be a significant contributing factor of age-related sarcopenia. We tested the hypothesis that long-term dietary antioxidant (astaxanthin) intake attenuates sarcopenia. Wistar strain male rats, aged 45 weeks old, were given either control (Cont) or astaxanthin feed (0.004%, Ax) for 1 year. The soleus muscle weight and muscle weight-to-body weight ratios in Ax group were significantly higher than in Cont group, but tibialis anterior muscle mass was similar between the two dietary groups. The level of ubiquitinated proteins was significantly lower in the soleus muscles of Ax group, but not in tibialis anterior muscles when compared with Cont group. Tibialis anterior levels of cathepsin L, especially, and caspase-3 tended to be lower in Ax group than in Cont group. Cathepsin L levels were significantly lower. Whereas no differences between Cont and Ax were observed in soleus levels. There were no significant differences in Ax supplementation on calpain 1 and 2, UBC3B, Cu/Zn SOD and nitrotyrosine levels in either soleus or tibialis anterior muscles. Our data suggest that long-term dietary astaxanthin intake attenuates age-related muscle atrophy, due in part, to reduction in ubiquitination of myofibrillar protein in slow soleus muscles, but not in fast tibialis anterior muscles.

In the present study, we examined the sex-related differences and cross-sectional age-related changes in the cross-sectional area of the psoas major muscle. The cross-sectional area was corrected for fat-free mass (FFM-corrected), which was calculated as the 2/3rd power of the total fat-free mass. A total of 240 adults (114 men, 126 women, age: 20-81 years) were included in the study. The cross-sectional area of the psoas major muscle was measured by 0.2T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and the total fat-free mass was measured by air displacement plethysmography. We demonstrated that the FFM-corrected cross-sectional area of the psoas major muscle was greater in males than females across all age groups. Furthermore, we examined the mean FFM-corrected cross-sectional area of the psoas major muscle across different age groups and demonstrated that it decreased with age. Our findings, when combined with previous results, show a peak in the 20s, which declined with age. Our study revealed sex-related differences and cross-sectional age-related changes in the FFM-corrected cross-sectional area of the psoas major muscle. Our findings also suggest that it is important to define reference values and ranges that take into account age- and sex-related differences when assessing the psoas major muscle by FFM-corrected cross-sectional area.