The nature of renal tubular cell injury in ischemic acute renal failure includes not only cell death (necrosis or apoptosis) but also sublethal injury causing cell dysfunction. The role of intracellu- lar calcium, calcium - dependent enzymes calpain, nitric oxide, phospholipase A2, loss of tubule cell polarity and tubular obstruction in the pathophysiology of the renal tubular cell injury during hypoxia/ischemia is described. The effects of vascular factors, infiltrating activited leukocytes, apoptosis and growth factors on renal tubular cell injury are discussed. Potential mechanisms that tubular injury leads to a profound fall in glomerular filtration rate are proposed.

Objective: To explore a simple and effective method for establishing three dimensional finite element model of the maxillary first premolar, so as to provide a mathematic model for future biomechanic research. Methods: Micro-CT was used to scan the extracted, intact left maxillary first premolar and the obtained images were transferred for use. The point data of the enamel, dentin, and pulp were collected by Mimics 10.0 software and were fed into Imageware 12.0 software for treatment with point cloud data and inverse algorithm of curve. After surface fitting, the tooth solid model was accomplished by Ansys 11.0 software. Then the enamel, dentin, and pulp were integrated through Boolean operation using Ansys 11.0. The solid models of periodontium and alveolar bone were constructed and the 3D meshes were created separately; and the models were tested with loading. Results: A fine three-dimensional finite element model of the maxillary first premolar, including the pulp, periodontium and alveolar bone was established. After 3D meshing, the enamel had 26 685 tetrahedral elements, the dentin had 11 082 tetrahedral elements, the pulp had 11 843 tetrahedral elements, the periodontium had 22 004 tetrahedral elements, and the alveolar bone had 66 767 tetrahedral elements. The model had a total of 241 381 10-node-tetrahedral elements; it had a high precision and exactly demonstrated the morphology of the tooth and the curvilinear shape of enamelo-cementel junction. The stress distribution of enamel focused on the middle of occlusal face and enamelocemental junction; the stress distribution of dentin also focused on the enamelo-cemental junction. Conclusion: A three-dimensional finite element model of maxillary first premolar has been established by combining the Micro-CT technology and reverse-engineering software; the model has satisfactory geometric and mechanical comparability.

As an outward, voltage-dependent potassium channel, M type channel is crucial in the regulation of neuronal excitability; it is modulated by a variety of factors in vivo and its dysfunction often results in neuronal system diseases. Great efforts have been made to elucidate the mechanism underlying M channel modulation since its discovery decades ago. It is generally accepted that the Phospholipase C (PLC) signaling pathway plays a significant role in the M channel modulation. This review highlights the relationship between PLC signaling pathway and M channel modulation, as well as some recent progresses in the research of this field.

Objective To realize fully automatic X-ray exposure controlling,simplify operating processes,and improve the quality of images.Methods We designed 5 or 7 X-ray detectors with silicon batteries,improved film-holding board of the main engine of the X-ray machine,then assembled them by mechanical gearing,and thus made multi-measured-limit,automatically-changed X-ray detectors.Results When choosing film boxes according to the radiographed positions,the detectors will change automatically into measured-limits coinciding with the interested positions.The average density was around 1Ⅴ in 9 randomly selected photographs.High quality was achieved in up to 98% of 10 000 radiographed images for clinic radiography.Conclusion The key of X-ray automatic exposure controlling technology is X-ray detecting technology,by which the quality of image can be improved.

Chromosome Aberrations ; radiation effects ; DNA Damage ; radiation effects ; Electromagnetic Fields ; adverse effects ; Sister Chromatid Exchange ; radiation effects

OBJECTIVE:To investigate the study of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) in the treatment of chloasma,and to provide reference for clinical treatment and study of chloasma. METHODS:Retrieved from CBM,Wanfang database,CNKI and VIP,usingchloasmaas subject,the literatures of TCM therapy were collected during Jan. 2003-Dec. 2012. Bibliometric meth-od was adopted to analyze included literatures statistically in respects of publication amount,periodicals,research institution,litera-ture types,citing references,other periodicals citatien times,fund support,distribution of provinces and cities. RESULTS:During 2005-2012,the amount of the literatures increased slowly. Among top 10 journals in the list of publication amount,only Chinese Journal of Aesthetic Medicine was not TCM journal and took up the first place. Among top 7 research institutions in the list of publi-cation amount,TCM colleges took up predominant place,followed by TCM hospitals. The types of the literatures were mainly case report,contrastive study before and after treatment,group-divided control study;the amount of group-divided control studies increased gradually year by year. The references cited were mainly English literatures. There were 82 literatures which were cited by other periodicals more than 10 times;the highest time of other periodical citation per literature was 47 times;only 11 literatures were supported by fund. The institutions of literatures authors were distributed in 32 provinces,cities and autonomous regions of China,mainly in the eastern coastal areas. CONCLUSIONS:More and more attention has being paid to TCM therapy for chloas-ma,but the scope and depth of the studies were inadequate. From the point of view of modern medicine,we can explore the patho-logical TCM mechanism and the treatment method of shortening the course of disease.

Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a neuropathic pain disorder, characterized with persistent and severe pain after trauma or surgery. This paper would review the epidemiology, mechanisms and pathophysiology of CRPS.

·AIM: To study the therapeutic effect of surgical treatment for traumatic cataract.·METHODS: Seventy-three cases(73 eyes) traumatic cataract were performed multi-operation combined cataract extraction, including insertion of a capsular tension ring(CTR), vitreoretinal surgery, ocular foreign body extraction and intraocular lens(IOL) implantation.·RESULTS: Of 73 patients, twenty-seven cases were blunt trauma, while 46 cases were penetrating injuries. Three months after surgery, the final best spectacle-corrected visual acuity(BSCVA) in 5 patients (7%) were 0.05 or less, seventeen(23%) 0.05 to 0.3, while 49(67%) 0.3 or more. There were 93% cases relieved from blindness. Atrophy of eyeball occurred in two cases(3%). Mean follow-up time was 7.8(range 3-15) months.·CONCLUSION: Useful vision can be restored in a proportion of traumatic cataracts after prompt and rational surgical intervention as well as appropriate treatment of sight-threaten complications.

Atomoxetine is a noradrenaline transmitter reuptake inhibitor which can selectively inhibit presynaptic noradrenaline transport protein,strengthen noradrenaline's resupination effect,and increases noradrenaline's activity released by synaptic cleft to improve the symptoms of the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD)patients.ADHD patients often accompany with other psychological diseases like oppositional defiant disorder,anxiety disorder,which may hinder the diagnosis of ADHD.There is still no accepted effective medicine nowadays.Currently,research on the treatment of the ADHD is more and more popular.Good therapeutic effect of atomoxetine to treat ADHD has been found in resent studies.This article summarized the current management of using atomoxetine to treat ADHD.