Background: Use of predominantly anaerobic energy systems such as that seen in 800-meter athlete runners disrupts mitochondrial function as an energy source. Furthermore, it produces free radical substances and causes myocyte damage. Malondialdehyde (MDA) plasma concentrations correlate with free radical levels and are therefore predictive of cell damage. Objective: To analyse the effect of flavonoid antioxidant from chocolate bean extract for prevention of lipid peroxidation of myocyte membranes caused by free radical substances in athletes partaking in predominantly anaerobic sports. Materials and Methods: The study of population consisted of 16 junior athletes who compete in 800-meter races. This was a randomized experimental study. Subjects were divided into two groups, chocolate bean extracts and placebo groups, and then practiced regularly for 14 days. All subjects were assessed on day 15. Results were analysed statistically using paired t test, ANOVA and Duncan tests. Results: Concentrations of MDA were reduced in flavonoid group. Conclusion: Flavonoid antioxidant from chocolate bean extract may prevent myocyte damage was caused by reperfusion injury.

Introduction: The radiographic classification for developmental dysplasia of hip to quantify the severity of disease consist of Tonnis and International Hip Dysplasia Institute (IHDI) classification. The Ossification center of the femoral head in DDH patient more than six months is still vague or eccentric, so the reliability of both classifications is still in question and especially is influenced by the experience of the observer. This study aims to test and compare interobserver reliability in evaluation of DDH patients using IHDI and Tonnis classification assessed by senior and junior orthopaedic residents which had different degree of experience. Materials and Methods: This study used retrospective analysis of pelvic supine AP view radiograph of DDH patients from 2014 to 2017. All three observer groups analysed the pelvis radiographs using Tonnis and IHDI classification. Inter and intra-observer reliability was measured by Cohen’s and Fleiss Kappa method, respectively. Results:The Fleiss Kappa value for 15 radiographs of DDH patients assessed by senior residents using Tonnis and IHDI classification are 0.715 and 0.832 and result of Fleiss Kappa value assessed by junior residents are 0.577 and 0.845, respectively. Intra-observer reliability for Tonnis classification was lower in junior group compared to other two groups but showed almost perfect value in all groups for IHDI classification. Conclusion: Significantly different results were noted between junior and senior residents in assessing DDH severity, with higher diagnostic reliability in senior residents compared to junior residents. In general, junior resident has less clinical experiences in many aspects in comparison with the seniors.