Wheezing in children is a common problem.Approximately 30 percent of infants will have at least one wheezing episode.Although asthma is the condition most commonly associated with wheezing,the high prevalence of wheezing as a common presenting complaint requires consideration of a broad and age-dependent differential diseases.A high index of suspicion of cardiovascular anatomic anomalies should be maintained in infants and children with recurrent wheezing and minimal improvement despite reasonable treatment.Compression of the pediatric airway is a relatively common and often unrecognized complication of a variety of cardiovascular diseases.The most common congenital anomalies associated with airway compression are the vascular rings.Vascular ring abnormalities are aortic arches abnormalities,aberrant left pulmonary artery (pulmonary sling) or aberrant i nnominate artery (innominate artery syndrome).Aortic arches abnormalities include double aortic arch,right/left sided aortic arch with ligamentum arteriosum and aberrant left subclavian artery or cervical aortic arch.Other rare reasons could cause the compression of airway are absent pulmonary valve,aneurysm,left atrial enlargement or massive cardiomegaly.Imaging techniques are usually required for diagnosis.First-tier evaluation of the child with recurrent wheeze should include a chest radiograph.Echocardiography,multi detector computed tomography (MDCT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are performed as the diagnostic pathway.Bronchoscopy is currently the techniques to assess the degree of bronchial malacia and narrowing in pre-operation.Treatment of these abnormalities usually is surgical.

BACKGROUND: Anchorage control is a critical part of orthodontic treatment, and physiologic anchorage loss consists of molar growth and drifting.OBJECTIVE: To detail the principles of physiologic anchorage spee-wire system through the growth and biologic force aspects.METHODS: A computer retrieval of PubMed and CNKI databeses was performed for relevant articles published from June 1976 to October 2016 using the keyword of physiologic anchorage control;anchorage loss; mandible growth in English and Chinese, respectively.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The physiologic anchorage spee-wire system cannot only avoid natural growth-induced physiological anchorage loss but also preserve molar anchorage,so as to achieve the request of maximum anchorage.

Tracking changes in the number and function of T cells is of great value to clinical diagnosis and evaluation of the efficacy of allergen immunotherapy. This review summarizes research progress in detection methods for allergen-specific T cells and their application, such as carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester dilution assay, enzyme-linked immunospot assay, intracellular cytokine staining assay and microarray immunosensors, providing references for selecting and developing appropriate detection methods in clinical practice.

Objective To discuss the influence of high-quality rehabilitation model intervention on postoperative anxiety,depression and quality of life in patients with colorectal cancer.Methods 60 patients with colorectal cancer in our hospital were randomly divided into the observation group and the control group,30 cases in each group.The control group was given routine nursing measures.The observation group received high-quality rehabilitation model intervention on the basis of routine nursing measures.SAS and SDS were used to observe the psychological status of the patients,SF-36 was used to observe the quality of life of patients.Results Two weeks after operation,SAS,SDS scores of the observation group were (47.5 ± 5.2) points,(49.7 ± 5.7) points,which were significantly lower than (55.2 ± 6.3) points,(53.4 ± 5.8) points of the control group (t =5.163,2.492,all P ＜ 0.01).Two weeks after operation,the general health,physiological function,physical function,body pain,activity,social function,emotional function,mental health,quality of life score in the observation group were (79.06 ± 3.78)points,(79.57 ±3.96)points,(78.39 ± 3.71) points,(76.98 ± 3.52) points,(77.59 ± 4.16) points,(75.52 ± 4.85) points,(79.28 ±4.91) points,(78.31 ± 4.27) points,which were significantly higher than those of the control group (74.19 ±4.07)points,(75.24 ± 4.12) points,(71.92 ± 4.38) points,(73.25 ± 3.47) points,(74.06 ±4.13)points,(72.17 ±4.21) points,(74.65 ± 4.35) points,(73.87 ± 3.92) points(t =4.802,4.150,6.174,4.133,3.298,2.857,3.866,all P ＜ 0.01).Conclusion High-quality rehabilitation model can significantly improve the postoperative anxiety and depression,and improve the quality of life of patients with colorectal cancer.

anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity in patients with lymphoma.Methods Thirty-two adult patients with nonHodgkin' s lymphoma who received chemotherapy including anthracyclin were studied.After anthracyclin reached the cumulative doses of 200 and 400 mg/m-2,the changes in plasma BNP and echocardiography indices were investigated.Results After the cumulative anthracyclin reached doses of 200 and 400 mg/m2,serum BNP were respectively (292±7) ng/ml and (387±4) ng/ml,and were significantly increased when compared to the untreated (134±6) ng/ml (P ＜ 0.05).The parameter of diastolic functions ratio of peak early to peak late low velocity (E/A ratio)were 1.14±0.37 and 0.90±0.06,both showing significant decreases compared to the control (1.33±0.27) (P ＜ 0.05).In contrast,systolic function parameters left ventricular ejection fraction (EF) and fractional shortening (FS) remained unchanged (P ＞ 0.05).After the cumulative anthracyclin reached 200 and 400 mg/m2,significant negative correlations were observed between the plasma BNP and the E/A ratio (r =-0.689,P=0.042; r=-0.557,P =0.006),but no associations between EF and FS were found (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusion Plasma BNP concentration appears to be a sensitive parameter for the early assessment of anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity.

Background and purpose:Breast cancer is a rare disease in women aged less than 25.Furthermore,there were fewer studies reporting the outcomes of this cohort and the knowledge regarding its biological characteristics and clinical features were limited. The aim of this retrospective study was to examine and audit the experience of our institution in treating the extremely young patients with breast cancer,to focus on the clinical presentation and pathological fi ndings,and to identify the prognostic factors which might be helpful in identifying those patients with a worse prognosis. Methods:From Jan 1980 to Dec 2005,there were 54 breast carcinoma patients in women aged 25 years or less treated in our hospital.We retrospectively analyzed their clinical,histological and treatment variables as well as 5-year overall survival(OS) and 5-year disease-free survival(DFS) . Results:There were 0.48% of all breast cancer cases who occurred in age of 25 or less in our institute in the period. We found 77.8% to be invasive ductal carcinoma and none of the patients had any family history of breast cancer or ovarian cancer. Clinically,68.5% were stage Ⅰ or Ⅱ,53.7% had lymph node metastasis. 79.6% were classifi ed as T1 or T2. Regarding the biological features,the frequencies of positive ER and PR were low(29.6%,36.0%,respectively) ,and the frequency of positive c-erbB2(22.2%) was higher. Lymphovascular invasion occurred in eight patients. Thirty-eight patients received adjuvant chemotherapy. 26 patients in this study died of breast cancer. The 5-year DFS and OS were 54.3% and 55.5%,respectively. In lymph node-positive patients,chemotherapy improved their 5-year OS signifi cantly(P=0.007) . The patients who might have a worse prognosis were usually with diagnostic delay more than 3 months(P=0.019) ,higherclinical stage(P=0.000) ,larger tumor size(P=0.007) ,lymph node-positive(P=0.000) and lymphovascular invasion(P=0.011) . Multivariate’ analysis revealed that both diagnostic delay more than 3 months and lymph node-positive were the independent prognostic factors(P=0.034,P=0.027,respectively) . Conclusion:Breast cancer is a rare condition in women aged 25 or less. Invasive breast cancer occurring at this subgroup has more aggressive biological behaviors. Diagnostic delay of more than 3 months and lymph node metastasis are considered adverse prognostic factors in the current study. The general principles of managing adolescents and very young women with breast cancer are no different to those applying to older women in current study,but development of tailored treatment for this population is still crucial.

Caveolae, specialized vesicular invaginations of the plasma membrane ,have attracted increasing attentions to those who are studing siginal transduction .Many proteins involved in signal transduction have been found enriched in these microdomains.Caveolins,as marker proteins of caveolae,form a scaffold onto which many classes of signaling molecules can assemble at steady state or after ligand-induced activiton .In addition to concentrating these signal transducers within a distinct region of the plasma membrane ,caveolin binding may functionally regulate the activation state of caveolae-associated signaling molecules.Thus,an emerging notion is that caveolae are signaling processing centers which orchestrate signaling events at the cell surface that influence cell function .

Laser scanning confocal microscope is a kind of new analytical apparatus for molecular cell biology research.It has been used in many fields of biomedical research.Brief introduction of its function and feature is given in this article.Recent development is summarized in application of laser scanning confocal microscope for localization and quantification of tumor tissue and cell protein,observation of sub-cellular structure of tumor ceils,study on tumor related receptor,distribution of antitumor drug and mechanism of tumor multi-drug resistance.

AIM: To investigate the effect of sodium nitrite (SN) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury (ALI) and its underlying mechanism in mice. METHODS: All male Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mice were randomly divided into five groups: Control group;LPS group;and SN 4.8 nmol/L, SN 48 nmol/L, SN 480 nmol/L (ip) groups. Lung wet weight/dry weight (W/D) ratio and permeability were detected. Neutrophil infiltration in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was measured by cel1 counting and morphological changes in lung tissues were assayed by hematoxylin-eosin staining. The 1evels of interleukin-10 (IL-10) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in lung were detected. Nitric oxide (NO) level and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity in lung were measured according to the specification. RESULTS: Compared to lung in LPS-induced ALI mice, at doses of 4.8 nmol/L and 48 nmol/L, not 480 nmol/L, SN markedly decreased the lung W/D ratio, total leukocyte number and neutrophil percentage in the BALF, lung permeability, and TNF-α/IL-10 ratio, in lung. SN at dose of 480 nmol/L markedly increased the lung NO level compared to control group. In addition, SN decreased the total NOS and inducible NOS (iNOS) activities compared to LPS-induced ALI mice. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that the protective effect of SN against LPS-induced ALI in mice is associated with the low dose SN-induced NO, as well as the subsequent decrease in iNOS activity and TNF-α/IL-10 ratio.

To compare the therapeutic effects between acupuncture plus sacral injection and simple acupuncture for intervertebral disc hemia.Methods:The patients with lumbar intervertebral disc hernia at the age of 30-45 years old were divided into No.1-80 upon their visiting order,with odd number as Group A and even number as Group B.Group A was treated by acupuncture plus sacral injection,and Group B was treated by simple acupuncture.Results:The clinical effective rate was higher in Group A than in Group B,with significant difference (P＜0.05).Conclusion:Acupuncture plus sacral injection had the better therapeutic effect than simple acupuncture in treating lumbar intervertebral disc hernia.