Objective To investigate the association of insulin dose with clinical factors of type 2 diabetes. Methods We reviewed the data of 214 type 2 diabetic patients who received insulin regimens.We compared the insulin dose and period at the targeted blood glucose levels among 6 groups according to different type of oral hypoglycemic agents. Results There existed statistically significant correlations of the glucose-targeted insulin dose with course,FPG,BMI,combination therapy with oral hypoglycemic agent(P<0.1,test level P=0.1).Merely metformin failure group took less insulin than the group admitted due to combination therapy failure (P=0.016, 0.53(0.35～0.62)U/kg and 0.63(0.51～0.75)U/kg respectively).The longest targeted period existed in the later. Relationship between the targeted bedtime insulin NPH dose and FPG level can be demonstrated by equation Y=0.255X+7.8. Conclusions The targeted insulin dose is influenced by synthetic factors. Patients admitted due to combination oral hypoglycemic drug failure have the maximal targeted insulin dose and the longest titration period. The final bedtime insulinNPH dose can be predicted by FPG level.

Objective To investigate the changes in Toll-like re ceptor 4 (TLR4) and myeloid differential protein-2 (MD-2) gene expression in t he liver of septic rats, and to elucidate the relationship between the expressio n of TLR4/MD-2 mRNA and TNF? mRNA. Methods Sepsis model was reproduced in rats by intraperitoneal injection of LPS (5mg/kg). 80 Wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: normal control and 1h, 2h, 6h after LPS in jection (20 rats for each group). Rats were sacrificed at different time points, and the expression of TLR4/MD-2 mRNA and TNF-? mRNA in the liver was measure d by RT-PCR. Results The expressions of TLR4/MD-2 mRNA and TN F-? mRNA were up-regulated, peaking 1h after LPS injection, and then declined gradually 2~6h after LPS challenge. The expressions at every time point were hi gher than that in control group (P

OBJECTIVE:To provide reference for prevention of nosocomial drug-induced liver injury(DILI),early diagnosis of DILI and appropriate disposal of DILI.METHODS:4 975 medical records were randomly collected from a grade three class A hospital during 2008～2009.The incidence of DILI,hospitalization costs,extended time of hospital stay and prevention of DILI were analyzed retrospectively and economic evaluation was carried out.RESULTS:DILI occurred in 63 cases with the incidence rate of 1.27%.Among these cases,10 cases(15.87%) were preventable.For each DILI,average increased medical cost was 3 220.26 yuan and average extended time of hospital stay was 4.38 d.For the preventable DILI,the average increased medical cost was 6 239.85 yuan,and average extended time of stay was 8.30 d.The top 3 drugs which caused liver injury were anti-infective drugs(including antitubercular agent,41.27%),antineoplastic agents(28.57%) and cardiovascular drugs(7.94%).Types of DILI were as follows:live cell injury accounted for 65.08%,cholestasis accounted for 25.40%,and mixed type accounted for 9.52%.CONCLUSION:DILI is characterized with high incidence rate among patients and high medical cost.Some of DILI cases are preventable.Therefore,There is advantage both in clinical and economic aspects to reduce the incidence rate of preventable DILI by emphasizing rational use of drugs.

Objective To investigate the effects of endotoxin on the activation of nuclear factor-kappaB in myocardium, and to explore the molecular mechanism of acute myocardial injury. Methods Forty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into normal control group (n=10), lipopolysaccharide (LPS) 1h, 2h, 6h groups (n=10 for each group). In the latter two groups, LPS was injected into the peritoneal cavity. Tissue samples from the myocardium were collected to determine NF-?B activation by electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA), and the mRNA expression of TNF-? was measured by semi-quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) with GAPDH as internal standard. Results The activation of NF-?B (2.173?0.063) and TNF-? mRNA expression (0.292?0.031) could be detected in myocardium in very low values in normal control group rats, while both the activation and expression were up-regulated markedly after LPS challenge, and peaked 2 hours afterwards (37.793?4.785 and 1.182?0.146, respectively). They were down-regulated (17.910?3.791 and 0.901?0.128, respectively) 6 hours after LPS challenge. Compared to normal controls, both NF-?B activity and TNF-? mRNA expression were significantly elevated at various time points following LPS stimulation (all P

With the improvement of living conditions,people pay more attention to food sanitation,following which the incidence rate of food allergy is higher and higher.Food allergy threatens public health seriously.It is caused mainly by dominance of T helper type 2-based immune responses,which breaks the dynamic balance of Th1/Th2 immune responses and resultes in over secreting of IL-4,IL-5 and IL-13,production of specific antibody IgE,degranulation of mast cells,alteration of intestinal microflora and so on.At present,a lot of investigations have been reported,of which the probiotics therapy attracted more attention.As the indigenous flora,probiotics could not only prevent and treat food allergy but could also modulate immune responses and recover the dynamic balance of it via secreation of cytokines such as IFN-?,IL-10,TGF-?.

ObjectiveTo observe the changes of expression of aquaporin-1(AQP-1)and AQP-4 in drowned and postmortem immersed rats’lungs.MethodsThirty healthy male Wistar rats were randomly divided into drowning group, postmortem immersion group and cervical dislocation group. The morpho-logical changes of rats’lungs were observed using HE staining. The mRNA and protein expressions of AQP-1 and AQP-4 in rats’lungs were detected by real-time PCR, immunohistochemistry and Western blotting, respectively.ResultsThe results of immunohistochemistry and the Western blotting showed that the protein expression of AQP-1 of the drowning group was higher than the postmortem immersion group and the cervical dislocation group(P<0.05). The result of immunohistochemistry showed that the protein expression of AQP-4 of the drowning group was higher than the postmortem immersion group and the cervical dislocation group(P<0.05)while no difference were detected among the three of them by Western blotting(P>0.05). The mRNA expressions of AQP-1 and AQP-4 in rats’lungs of the drown-ing group was significantly higher than the postmortem immersion group(P<0.05).ConclusionThe in-crease of mRNA and protein expressions of AQP-1 and AQP-4 in lungs of rats with cute lung injury of the drowning group would be useful for differentiating vital drowning from postmortem immersion.

Mother-to-child transmission (MTCT)is an important way of hepatitis B virus (HBV)transmission.Blocking the HBV MTCT has a great significance for the prevention and treatment of hepatitis B.This article reviews the current blocking strategies implemented in the antepar-tum,peripartum,and postpartum stages,and summarizes the controversies existing in the blocking strategies in different stages.The significance of HBV occult infection and germ cell transmission in the HBV MTCT is analyzed.The results indicate that the current strategies for the prevention of hepatitis B MTCT need further improvement.Attentions should be focused on HBV occult infection and germ cell transmission.

The development of muscle strength evaluating system based on Android system was developed in this research. The system consists of a lower unit and an intelligent mobile terminal. The pressure sensor of the lower unit was used to collect muscle strength parameters. And the parameters were sent to the Android device through the wireless Bluetooth serial port. Then the Android device would send the parameters to the doctor monitored platform through the Internet. The system realized analyzing the muscle strength parameters and real-time displaying them. After it ran on the Android mobile phones, it showed an effective result which proved that the system combined with mobile platform could make more convenient for the patients to assess their own muscle strength. It also provided reliable data references for doctors to know the patients' rehabilitation condition and to make the next rehabilitation plan.
Cell Phone ; Humans ; Internet ; Monitoring, Physiologic ; Muscle Strength

Objective To evaluate the efficiency of PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP)aiming at the structure gene g6341,versus PCR fingerprinting analysis in the genotyping of Cryptococcus neoformans MethodsEight reference strains and 68 clinical and environmental isolates of C.neoformans were genotyped by PCR-RFLP and PCR fingerprinfing.In PCR fingerprinting,the minisatel lite-specific core sequence of wild-type phage M13 was used as a single primer.The structure gene g6341 was selected for PCR-RFLP analysis by sequence alignments of multiple genes,a pair of pnmers were developed based on the conserved region of g6341 gene.PCR products were digested with the appropriate restriction endonucleases,and RFLP profiles were analyzed.Partial sequence analysis of g6341 gene was performed for different genotypes of C.Neoformans.Phylogenetic analysis was done to study the relatedness between these genotypes.Results As sequence homology analysis showed,g6341 gene was suitable for RFLP analysis.In the case of enotyping of 76 C. Neoformans strains,the results obtained from PCR-RFLP were consistent with those from PCR fingerprinting.Sequence analysis of g6341 gene revealed a homology of 84%-97%among the eight genotypes as well as a consistency of 99%-100%within a same genotype.In the phylogenetic tree,genotypes VNⅠ,VNⅡ,VNⅢand VNⅣ belonged to one cluster,and genotypes VGⅠ,VGⅡ,VGⅢ and VGⅣ to another cluster.Conclusions PCR-RFLP analysis aiming at the structure gene g6341 is a useful tool to genotype C.neoformans.Sequence analysis of g6341 gene can disclose the relatedness among different molecular types of C.neoformans.

To investigate the etiological and pathological characteristics of adolescent lumbocrural pain, the findings of X ray, CT and MRI and biopsy in 67 cases of adolescent (14～28 years old) and 97 of the adult and the aged were compared. The results showed that the incidence of back epiphysis loop fracture of lumbosacral vertebrae was 40.74% (12/27) and 22.50% (9/40) in the teenage (14～18) and the youth (19～28) respectively, and 3.85% (2/52) and 4.44% (2/47) in the adult(28～60) and the aged (over 60) respectively, showing that the differences were significant between the adolescent and the adult(P 0.05 ). It is indicated that back epiphysis loop fracture of lumbosacral vertebrae is the specific pathological feature of adolescent lumbocrural pain. Therefore, it should be regarded as an important cause of adolescent lumbocrural pain.