Objective To determine the best extraction process of ginkgo leaves with the total transfer rate of total flavonol glycosides and terpene lactones as the index.Methods The effects of ethanol concentration, solid-liquid ratio and extraction time on extraction process were investigated by orthogonal design method, and the contents of total flavonol glycosides and terpene lactones were detected by HPLC to calculate transfer rate.Results The optimum extraction conditions were as follows:85% ethanol refluxing and extracting for three times;the first time extracting with five-fold amount of solvent (V/W) for 3 hours;the last two times with three-fold solvent (V/W) for 2 hours.Conclusion This extraction process has the advantages of simplicity of operator, reason, energy conservation, high efficiency, and is suitable for industrial production.

Objective To prepare the phmaceutical reference materials of total lactones extract from ginkgo leaf for quantitative analysis.Methods A HPLC determination method was developed to investigate the uniformity and stability of the reference extract of ginkgo leaf total lactones using with bilobalide, ginkgolide A, ginkgolide B and ginkgolide C as the indexes.Three laboratories participated in the collaborative calibration test.Results The four components in reference extract had good uniformity and stability with RSD less than 2.0%;the marked values of the four components had been determined through statistical data analysis which provided by assigned traceability values.The values of bilobalide, ginkgolide A, ginkgolide B, and ginkgolide C were 39.54%, 29.03%, 15.96% and 11.69%, respectively.Conclusion The reference extract of ginkgo leaf total lactones can be prepared for quality control in future quantitative analysis.

Ginkgo biloba preparation is widely used as natural extract preparation both domestically and internationally, for myocardial infarction and cerebral infarction diseases in China; and mainly used to improve memory and treat dementia symptoms abroad. In recent years, there have been a large amount of reports on the treatment of ophthalmic diseases, mental diseases, kidney diseases and so on, however some of which have not uniform literature result. Therefore, it is necessary to summarize the reports on off-label use of Ginkgo biloba preparation. Among them, Ginkgo biloba preparation has a lot of controversy on brain diseases such as dementia and autism, mainly due to the mild effect, the difficulty in tracking long-term medication data for chronic diseases, and the subjective evaluation results of cognitive level, so more high-level research is needed to provide data support. In addition, Ginkgo biloba preparation has obvious protective effects on peripheral nerves and microvascular, and as an adjuvant drug in related diseases, it can effectively accelerate the recovery process of patients. This article summarizes various reports on Ginkgo biloba preparations, which can better clarify the product positioning and provide a reference for the selection of relevant treatment options.

OBJECTIVE To prepare Lanqin extract/cyclodextrin complexes for probing its effects of different kinds of cyclodextrins on the taste-masking. METHODS Bitter compounds in the extracts were performed on ion exchange resin adsorption combined with HPLC. The formulations of complexes were screened by human taste panel method. The complexes were prepared by spray-drying and characterized through scanning electron microscope, differential scanning calorimetry, and hygroscopicty test. Moreover, the in vitro bitter taste perception of complexes was evaluated by electronic tongue and further valuation the credibility of the results was conducted on human gustatory sensation tests. RESULTS The sulfobutylether-β-cyclodextrin-based combinational formulation with multiple cyclodextrins could significantly inhibit the bitter taste of the extract which mainly caused by its alkaline constituents at a lower dosage. The results of electron scanning microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and hygroscopicity indicated that the Lanqin extract and cyclodextrin in the complex may form inclusion complexes rather than physical mixtures. The results of electronic tongue and human gustatory sensation tests showed that, compared with the extract suggested the taste characteristics of the optimal complexes was similar to corresponding excipient while the bitterness significantly reduced. CONCLUSION The Lanqin extract/cyclodextrin complexes prepared in this study are suitable for industrial production for its good flavour, less total amount of cyclodextrins, and simple process. The present study has important significance for the development of related taste masking products of Lanqin.

OBJECTIVE To establish the analysis methods of 33 banned pesticides in Ginkgo Biloba leaves and the extracts, and conduct the risk assessment study. METHODS One hundred and thirty-six batches of Ginkgo Biloba leaves and 58 batches of Ginkgo Biloba leaves extract were detected by UPLC-MS and GC-MS. The acute and chronic intake risk of pesticide residues in samples were calculated by point assessment method, and the risk scores of the pesticides were calculated by the Britain veterinary residues matrix ranking. RESULTS Six kinds of banned pesticides were detected in 136 batches of Ginkgo Biloba leaves, the total detection rate was 35.29%, and the detection amount was 0.002−0.210 mg·kg−1. The chronic dietary intake risk was 0.018%−0.620%, and the acute dietary intake risk was 0.000 1%−0.014 0%, indicated that the dietary exposure risk of pesticides in Ginkgo biloba leaves was at a low level. Two kinds of banned pesticides were detected in 58 batches of Ginkgo Biloba leaves extract, the detection rate was 55.17%, and the detection amount was 0.002−1.788 mg·kg−1. The percentage of acceptable daily intake was 0.003%−0.143%, and the percentage of acute reference dose was 0.002 4%, which was also at a low level. Risk ranking results indicated that the risk of phorate was the highest and should be focused on the production and safety supervision. CONCLUSION The method has good stability, high precision and promising repeatability, which can be used for the detection of 33 prohibited pesticides in Ginkgo biloba leaves and their extracts. The results show that the residual amounts of 33 banned pesticides in Ginkgo Biloba leaves and its extracts were extremely low, and there is no significant health risks.

OBJECTIVE To explore the improvement effect of rape pollen on androgenic alopecia mice and its mechanism. METHODS The blank group, model group, positive drug group and administration group were set up, the androgenic alopecia mice model was induced by applying 0.2% testosterone after hair removal. The hair growth rate of mice were observed by using 5% minoxidil as positive drug and 0.4 g·mL-1 rape pollen oil solution as administration group. The hair quality and follicle condition of mice were observed by scanning electron microscope(SEM) and HE staining of skin tissue, respectively. The level of VEGF and bFGF in skin were detected by immunofluorescence staining and Western blotting, while the level of serum sex hormones and reactive oxygen species were detected by ELISA. RESULTS Rape pollen could significantly promote the hair growth in mice and improve the state of mice hair scales compared with model group. Mechanism exploration experiments showed that rape pollen could not promote hair regeneration of mice by regulating hormone levels or anti-oxidative stress. However, rape pollen could increase the expression of bFGF and VEGF related to skin angiogenesis at the modeling site. CONCLUSION Rape pollen can promote hair regeneration in androgenic alopecia mice. Its mechanism may be that it promotes perifollicular vascular regeneration by increasing bFGF and VEGF level.