The annual incidence of prostate cancer (PCa) continually increases. New PCa immune therapy has become the fourth line antitumor treatment following surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. As the most promising research direction in cancer immunotherapy,immune checkpoint inhibitors, such as programmed cell death-1 and programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) inhibitors, block PD-1 and its ligand PD-L1 and then terminate the negative control signal to the T cell, thereby facilitating T cell recovery and reversal of tumor immune-escaping mechanism. These processes restore the capability of T cells for immune response and inhibit and kill tumor cells. This review summarizes the progress on the current application of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors in PCa clinical trials.

Lithium(Li) salt is. a kind of effective drug commonly used in the treatment and prevention of mental disorders, but its active mechanism is still not well understood. Getting on for twenty years, many research have been reported on relationship between Li salt and second messenger system, especially the effect of Li salt on adenylate cyclase. Identical result is not obtained and there are few reports on brain calmodulin (CaM) activity change by Li salt. The aim of present expcri- ment is to determine the content of CaM in raet brain by phosphodiesterase (PED) method after chronic application of Li salt and discuss preliminary the molecular mechanism of Li salt action. The result showed that marked change has happened in the content of CaM in rat brain after chronic application of Li salt. It is ins-plied that Li salt brings its action into play probably by changing the content of CaM in rat brain

Thyroglobulin antibody (TGA) production in vitro by cultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from patients with autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) was measured by ELISA technique. PBMC from patients with AITD could synthesize and secret detectable amount of TGA. The average positive rate of TGA production in vitro was 31.25%. PBMC from the patients with Hashimoto thyroiditis (HT) could produce TGA more easily than that from the patients with Graves'disease (GD). The average positive rate was 44.19% in HT and 16.22% in GD. Pokeweed mitogen could increase TGA production, but soluable thyroglobulin could not stimulate TGA synthesis and secretion. Antithyroid drug methi-mazole had some inhibition effect on TGA production in vitro. A significant positive correlation between the serum TGA and the amount of TGA produced in vitro by PBMC from HT patients (r = 0.4, P

Using hybridoma technique,17 hybridoma cell lines against astrocyte were ob-tained.The screening test of McAb showed:(1)Using immune enzymatic histochemistryfixed cell staining method all of 17 McAb reacted with astrocyte,(2) Using immuneenzymatic histochemistry viable cell staining method,eight of seventeen McAb react-ed with astrocyte.As to biological properties of McAb results were as follows:(1)Seven of eight McAb that showed positive reaction in viable staining assay have di-fferent degree of cytotoxicity to astrocyte,thymocyte and spleen cell in presence ofcomplement,one of eight has specific cytotoxicity only to astrocyte.(2) McAb(2C)possesses blocking effect on astrocyte,thymocyte and spleen cell proliferation respon-sive to various kind of mitogen.Furthmore,it has been found LPS may promote theproliferation of astrocytes and secreting interleukin 1(IL-1)-like substance This IL-1like substance seems to have a mutiple biological activities,i.e:(1)Thymocyte prolife-ration.(2) Fibroblast(L929 cell) proliferation and(3) Endogenous pyrogen activities.

Papers on mycorrhizas were searched from SCI (Science Citation Index) database. In order to understand the research progress of mycorrhizas in China, the paper on mycorrhizas from 1989 to 2007 was analyzed with method of bibliometrics. Mycorrhizal researches showed an increasing tendency during 1989 to 2007, while the increase was obviously accelerated after 2000. Only 5.22% of the articles were published in journals with impact factor above 5, indicates that the academic levels of researches need being enhanced. Currently the research on mycorrhizas was mainly focused on Arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM), especially on effects of mycorrhizal fungi on plant physiology, effects of mycorrhizal fungi on resistance of host plants, Mycorrhizal diversity community and ecological distribution, and phytoremediation with Mycorrhizal plants. The future research should emphasize in phytoremediation with Mycorrhizal plants and identification of fungal species with molecular biological technology.

The experience in the management of 108 cases of deeply situated meningiomas is presented. Complete removal of the tumor has been possible in 83 cases (76.9%), partial resection in 22 cases (20.3%). The surgical results were excellent in 72.2% and fair in 16.7%. Early diagnosis and an attempt to remove completely of such tumors should always be considered as the treatment of choice. In order to reach this goal, we propose:(a)wide exposure, induced hypotension, hypothermia, interruption of the blood supply at the base of the tumor, and careful hemos-tasis are essential; (b) in addition, microsurgical dissection to avoid injury of the neighbouring important structures as well as vital areas of the brain are mandatory. The removal of an unusual giant mening-ioma arising in the medial aspect of the sphenoid ridge illustrated these points well. The tumor was13?10?8cm in size and 864g in weight. The patient recovered uneventfully and his general condition has remained good for years. Recent CT scan showed no recurrence.

Objective To evaluate the therapeutic effect and safety of insulin lispro mix 50/50 combined with mefformin in newly diagnosed overweight/obese type 2 diabetic mellitus patients.Methods Sixty-two patients with newly diagnosed overweight/obsess type 2 diabetic mellitus were randomly divided into observation group (32 cases) and control group (30 cases) by systematic sampling method.The observation group received insulin lispro mix 50/50 combined with metformin,and the control group received recombinant human insulin and insulin glargine.The therapeutic effect and safety were compared between the 2 groups.Results There were no statistical differences in the blood glucose before eating,before retiring and at mane primo 3:00 between the 2 groups (P ＞ 0.05).There were no statistical differences in the time of blood glucose standard and rate of hypoglycaemia between the 2 groups (P ＞ 0.05).Daily insulin dosage and costs in the observation group were lower than those in the control group [(0.6 ± 0.1) U/kg vs.(0.8 ± 0.1) U/kg and (15.8 ±2.1) yuan/d vs.(21.3 ±2.6) yuan/d],and there were statistical differences (P ＜0.05).Conclusion Insulin lispro mix 50/50 combined with mefformin provides a convenient,effective and safe therapy for newly diagnosed overweight/obese type 2 diabetic mellitus patients and high cost performance.

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs),a new generation of anti-depressant agent,are mainly used to treat emotional disorders in clinical practice now.Recent studies have found that SSRIs can increase neurogenesis after cerebral ischemia,promote neurovascular reconstruction,and are conducive to the recovery of neurological function.Furthermore,SSRIs can improve the tolerance of ischemic tissue,exert anti-inflammation and anti-oxidation properties,reduce the blood-brain-barrier injury,and inhibit excitatory amino acid toxicity in order to exert neuroprotective effect.This article reviews the related research progress in SSRIs and ischemic stroke.

ObjectiveTo observe the clinical efficacy of acupoint thread embedding plus psychotherapy for insomnia due to disharmony betweenheart and kidney during perimenopause.MethodForty-three patients with insomnia due to disharmony between heart and kidney during perimenopause were intervened by acupoint thread embedding plus psychotherapy including cognitive and behavioral therapies,and then the therapeutic results were statistically analyzed.ResultOf the 43 subjects, 19 were clinically cured, accounting for 44.2%; 13 subjects were markedly improved, accounting for 30.2%; 9 were improved, accountingfor 20.9%; 2 subjects failed, accounting for 4.7%. The total effective rate was 95.3%. The serum E2level was significantly changed after intervention (P<0.01).ConclusionAcupoint thread embedding plus psychotherapy can produce a significant efficacy in treating insomnia due to disharmony between heart and kidney during perimenopause, and this method can up-regulate the serum E2level, enhance the production of estrogen, and improve ovary function.

Objective: To discuss the methods and experience of 64-slice spiral CT which used in infant cases with congenital heart disease, to select the appropriate scan parameters for reducing artifact and the radiation dose. Methods: Thirty-five cases with congenital heart disease were arranged CT examination by using Philips Brilliance 64-slice spiral CT scanner with Blous Tracking techniques. Results: All the images of the heart chambers, pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein, the ascending aorta and the descending aorta contrast agent filling showed good and had clear display. The density of superior vena cava is moderate. The various vascular CT value is approximate, no hardening artifacts. The atrioventricular of Cardiac and vascular of contrast agent filled fully and had clear boundary, no significant artifacts and no effect on the impact reconstruction. Conclusion: Appropriate adjustment of scanning parameters can reduce hardening artifact and the impact of artifacts. Following the principle of as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA) can obtain diagnostic images and reduce radiation damage to the infant.