Objective To investigate the clinical application of fecal calprotectin in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).Methods Colonoscopy took 79 patients with IBD that were diagnosed with pathology,including 47 cases of ulcerative colitis (UC) patients,32 cases of Crohn's disease (CD).Moreover,42 cases of IBD patients without abdominal pain,diarrhea and other intestinal inflammation were used as disease control group,and 34 cases of healthy people were used as healthy control group.The level of fecal calprotectin in each group was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).Results The positive rate of fecal Calprotectin in IBD group,disease control group and the healthy control group was 57.0％,19.0％,and 0,respectively; each positive rate in IBD group was significantly higher than the other two groups (P ＜ 0.05).The serum concentration of fecal calprotectin in IBD group [(493.86 ±204.18) μg/g] was significantly higher than the disease control group [(71.46 ± 60.51) μg/g] and the healthy control group [(36.19 ± 13.46) μg/g] (P ＜ 0.05) ; IBD active calprotection [(1015.23 ± 324.96) μg/g] was significantly higher than resting [(52.69 ±34.71) μg/g] (P ＜0.01).Conclusions Fecal calprotectin test benefits early diagnosis of IBD,and may be taken as the diagnostic index of IBD activity.It has extensively clinical value.

Objective To understand the epidemic situation of Hepatitis B of the children and the situation of Hepatitis B vaccine injection in Maanshan city so as to provide the basis for the development of Hepatitis B vaccination strategy or adjustment in all of the people. Methods Two-stage sampling method was designed to survey 978 children under the age of 15 in 8 villages, with 3～5 ml of venous blood brawn and HBVM detected by ELISA. Results HBsAg positive rate of the children under the age of 15 was 10.12% in 1991 and, compared with the present rate at 0.92%, there was a significant difference. The protection rate of Hepatitis B vaccination was 90.91%. HBsAb positive rate of the children under the age of 15 was 40.49%, and the distribution was balanced among regional, urban and rural areas. With the in crease in age, the trend of Hepatitis B antibody levels declined, but the 1～5 age group had lower peak. The survey rate of Hepatitis B vaccine injection of the children under the age of 15 was 91.82%, and the report rate was 87.89%. The regional difference for them was significant. With the in crease in age, the rate of Hepatitis B vaccine injection declined for the survey and the report in all of the children under the age of 15. Conclusions The effect of Hepatitis B Control for 16 years is very significant in the city. It is necessary to administer charge-free Hepatitis B vaccination for the newborns and to strengthen the Hepatitis B vaccination in flowing children.

Objective To evaluate the effectivity and safety of dual antiplatelet therapy with clopidogrel and aspirin in patients with ST-segment elevation acute yocardial infarction(AMI).Methods We searched for randomized controlled trials(RCTs)and quasi-RCTs in the following electronic databases:PubMed,EMBASE,The Cochrane Library(Issue 3,2007),CBM,CNKI,VIP and Wanfang.Quality assessment and data extraction were conducted by two reviewers independently.Disagreement were resolved through discussion.All data were analyzed by using Review Manager 4.2. Results Ten studies involving a total of 52 433 participants met the inclusion criteria.Metaanalysis results showed that:(1)Compared with aspirin alone,the incidence rates of death caused by any reason(RR=0.91,95% CI:0.85～0.97),recurrent myocardial infarction(RR=0.80,95% CI:0.72～0.89),stroke(RR=0.81,95% CI:0.68～0.96),post-infarction angina(RR=0.35,95% CI:0.19～0.66),incoronary thrombus(RR=0.73,95% CI:0.64～0.83)and the combined endpoint events of death,reinfarction or stroke(RR=0.89,95% CI:0.84～0.95)could be reduced by clopidogrel and aspirin.(2)There were no significant differences in ameliorating the cardiac function and increasing TIMI blood flow of infarct-related artery between the two groups RR=0.97,95% CI:0.92～1.03;RR=1.14,95% CI:1.00～1.30;both P＞0.05.(3)There was no significant difference in bleeding between the tWO groups(RR=1.11,95% CI:0.92～1.34). Conclusions Compared with aspirin alone,clopidogrel plus aspirin has good effects on reducing the incidence rates of death caused by any reason,recurrent myocardial infarction,stroke,post-infarction angina,incoronary thrombus and the combined endpoint events of death,reinfarction or stroke in patients with ST-segment elevation AMI,and it has the same efficacy in ameliorating the cardiac function,increasing TIMI blood flow of infarct-related artery and bleeding.

OBJECTIVE ToexplorethepossiblemechanismoractiontargetsofT-2toxinembryo toxicity by observing the effect of T-2 toxin on mitochondrial function of differentiated murine e mbryonic stemcells(mESCs).METHODS Duringdifferentiationat24,72and120h,ESCswereexposedto T-2 toxin 0.5 μg·L-1 .Meanwhile,mESCs were pre-treated with antioxidant Trolox (200 μmol·L-1 )for 30 min and exposed to T-2 toxin (0.5 μg·L-1 )for 72 h.The mitochondrial ultrasture of differentiated mESCs was observed under a transi mission electrical microscope (TEM).The differentiated ESC mito-chondrial function,including respiratory control ratio (RCR),ATP synthase activity and mitochondrial membranepotential(MMP),wasmeasuredat144hafterdifferentiation.RESULTS Significant decrease of the mitochondrial number,deformation of mitochondrial structure,and lack of complete mito-chodrial crest were observed through TEM in the groups of T-2 toxin exposed for 72 and 1 20 h,respec-tively.Compared with the normal control group,RCR declined by 49.5% and 55.1%,ATP synthase activity decreased by 84.9% and 89.3%,and MMP decreased by 23.2% and 35.2% in T-2 toxin 0.5 μg·L-1 exposure 72 and 1 20 h group,respectively.However,the inhibition of mitochondrial function by T-2 toxin in differentiated mESCs recovered significantly in the presence of the antioxidant Trolox. CONCLUSION T-2toxininducesoxidativestressandinhibitsmESCsmitochondrialfunctionindifferenti-ated mESCs,and ROS-induced mitochondrial malfunction plays an i mportant role in T-2 toxin e mbryonic toxicity mechanis m.

The stable quality of Chinese herbal medicines is a critical factor for their reliable clinical efficiency. An improved liquid-liquid extraction procedure and a liquid chromatographic method were developed to simultaneously analyze five anthraquinones (aloe-emodin, rhein, emodin, chrysophanol and physcion) in a Chinese traditional hospital preparation, Fuyankang mixture, in order to quantitatively control its quality in a more effective way.

Objective To establish a mouse embryonic stem cell test (mEST) model and human embryonic stem cell test (hEST) model, to evaluate the embryotoxicity of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP). Methods We developed mEST and hEST models according to the European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods (ECVAM). We used penicillin G (PN-G) as the standard negative reference and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) as the standard positive reference, respectively, to verify validity of the models. Based on model validity, mouse embryonic stem cells D3 (mESC-D3), mouse Balb/c-3T3 (3T3), and human embryonic stem cells H9 (hESC-H9) were administered different concentrations of DEHP (15.6, 31.2, 62.5, 125.0, 250.0, 500.0, and 1 000.0 μg/ml) for 7 days. A cell counting Kit-8 was used to detect the 50%inhibitory proliferation concentration (IC50) of mESC-D3 cells, 3T3 cells, and hESC-H9 with DEHP. mESC-D3 and hESC-H9 were treated with DEHP (15.6, 31.2, 62.5, 125.0, 250.0μg/ml, and 500.0μg/ml) for 10 days based on the cytotoxicity results. At day 10, the expression of cardiomyocyte differentiation gene alpha-myosin heavy chain (α-MHC) was detected by real-time PCR and the 50% inhibition of cardiomyocycte differentiation (ID50) determined. Based on the values of IC50 and ID50, functionsⅠ,ⅡandⅡcould be calculated by three linear discriminant functions in the EST model and the embryotoxicity of DEHP described by comparing the three functions. Results Nontrophoblast lineage both ES cells were cultured under optimal conditions and highly expressed hESC markers OCT4 , SSEA4, and TRA-1-60. The embryoid bodies formed were uniform in size and shape, and these results were highly repeatable. The PN-G and 5-FU results coincided with the prediction by ECVAM. Validation of our EST models was satisfactory. Results of the three endpoints of DEHP in mEST were 197.3 μg/ml (IC50 3T3), 210.0 μg/ml (IC50 D3) and 246.8μg/ml (ID50 D3). DEHP was evaluated to be a nonembryotoxic compound based on values of functionⅠ(7.78), functionⅡ(7.58) and functionⅢ(-7.79). The three endpoints of DEHP in hEST were 195.4μg/ml (IC50 3T3), 184.8 μg/ml (IC50 D3), and 84.3 μg/ml (ID50). By comparing the values of function Ⅰ (3.21), function Ⅱ (5.77), and function Ⅲ (-6.46), DEHP was evaluated to be weakly embryotoxic. Conclusion DEHP was determined to be a nonembryotoxic compound by mEST and weakly embryotoxic by hEST. Therefore, hEST is a more sensible model for the evaluation of DEHP embryotoxicity.

Objective To establish a mouse embryonic stem cell test (mEST) model and human embryonic stem cell test (hEST) model, to evaluate the embryotoxicity of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP). Methods We developed mEST and hEST models according to the European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods (ECVAM). We used penicillin G (PN-G) as the standard negative reference and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) as the standard positive reference, respectively, to verify validity of the models. Based on model validity, mouse embryonic stem cells D3 (mESC-D3), mouse Balb/c-3T3 (3T3), and human embryonic stem cells H9 (hESC-H9) were administered different concentrations of DEHP (15.6, 31.2, 62.5, 125.0, 250.0, 500.0, and 1 000.0 μg/ml) for 7 days. A cell counting Kit-8 was used to detect the 50%inhibitory proliferation concentration (IC50) of mESC-D3 cells, 3T3 cells, and hESC-H9 with DEHP. mESC-D3 and hESC-H9 were treated with DEHP (15.6, 31.2, 62.5, 125.0, 250.0μg/ml, and 500.0μg/ml) for 10 days based on the cytotoxicity results. At day 10, the expression of cardiomyocyte differentiation gene alpha-myosin heavy chain (α-MHC) was detected by real-time PCR and the 50% inhibition of cardiomyocycte differentiation (ID50) determined. Based on the values of IC50 and ID50, functionsⅠ,ⅡandⅡcould be calculated by three linear discriminant functions in the EST model and the embryotoxicity of DEHP described by comparing the three functions. Results Nontrophoblast lineage both ES cells were cultured under optimal conditions and highly expressed hESC markers OCT4 , SSEA4, and TRA-1-60. The embryoid bodies formed were uniform in size and shape, and these results were highly repeatable. The PN-G and 5-FU results coincided with the prediction by ECVAM. Validation of our EST models was satisfactory. Results of the three endpoints of DEHP in mEST were 197.3 μg/ml (IC50 3T3), 210.0 μg/ml (IC50 D3) and 246.8μg/ml (ID50 D3). DEHP was evaluated to be a nonembryotoxic compound based on values of functionⅠ(7.78), functionⅡ(7.58) and functionⅢ(-7.79). The three endpoints of DEHP in hEST were 195.4μg/ml (IC50 3T3), 184.8 μg/ml (IC50 D3), and 84.3 μg/ml (ID50). By comparing the values of function Ⅰ (3.21), function Ⅱ (5.77), and function Ⅲ (-6.46), DEHP was evaluated to be weakly embryotoxic. Conclusion DEHP was determined to be a nonembryotoxic compound by mEST and weakly embryotoxic by hEST. Therefore, hEST is a more sensible model for the evaluation of DEHP embryotoxicity.

Objective To explore the application effect of problem-based health education mode in patients with upper urinary tract calculi .Methods Effect of two different health education modes for urolithiasis patients in Peking University Third Hospital were researched .The patients were divided into observation group with 104 cases and control group with 103 cases, according to their order of admission of odd and even numbers . Patients in the observation group were assessed by a self-designed questionnaire concerning urolithiasis knowledge (with full score 20 points).Health education was conducted according to the patients′scores on key parts of the disease .Health education of the patients was recorded , according to which problem-based health education was conducted .Routine comprehensive health education mode was conducted to patients in the control group.When leaving hospital , routine discharge education and continuing nursing care were conducted to both groups.4 weeks after the operation , satisfaction of patients were evaluated , and disease-related knowledge of the patients was evaluated again .Results Patients′knowledge and attitude to health education were not statistically different (P>0.05).The patients′scores of knowledge 4 weeks after the operation were (15.49 ±2.85) in the observation group, higher than those in the control group (10.22 ±3.41) (t =12.09, P <0.001).The patients′scores of satisfaction were (9.97 ±0.17) in the observation group, higher than those in the control group (9.89 ±0.31) (t=2.249, P=0.026).Conclusions Assessment of the patients′health knowledge by questionnaires when admitted to the hospital helps to determine their need of knowledge concerning the disease . Establishment of health education record helps to give prominence to the key points in the education .Consistent in content, fine in effect, health education has won high satisfaction among patients .

Objective To understand the needs to reform curriculum for the graduate students in health management, and to provide evidence for the reform of the curriculum system. Methods From Jan-uary 2015 to May from China's colleges and universities carrying out health management professional post-graduate education, graduate students and supervisors from 3 universities were selected, and self-designed questionnaires were used to investigate their views on training objectives, abilities and curriculum settings, as well as the needs and suggestions for curriculum reform. The questionnaire survey data were collected and analyzed by SPSS 17.0. Results 120 questionnaires were issued and 100 were recovered in the study, with a recovery rate of 83.3％. 84.0％ of the graduate students did not manage relevant work experience before entering the school. The graduate students thought that we should focus on the research and teaching ability training related to the management of health services, and then the cultivation of management ability. There were 60 questionnaires for instructors, and 51 were recovered, with a recovery rate of 85.0％. With regard to the demand for ability training , teachers and graduate students tended to agree on the goal and focus of the training. 100.0％instructors believed that learning was an important course, only 11.2％ of the students thought that the course of study was not important, but to the current status of health manage-ment professional postgraduate courses, 79.3％ instructors believed that the current curriculum was reasonable, and only 53.5％of the students thought it reasonable. Conclusion The emphasis should be given to optimizing the course setting, adding practical and innovative courses, and strengthening the training of scientific research, etc., which is the only way to improve the quality of health management postgraduate education and meet the needs of health development.

Otorhinolaryngology is a high-risk department of a hospital, where there are many emergency critical diseases, common multiple diseases and major malignant diseases. Therefore, it is easy to cause many medical ethical problems. This paper analyzed the clinical status and characteristics of various otolaryngology diseases systematically, and expounded the related medical ethical issues in the diagnosis and treatment of otorhinolaryngology, including doctor-patient trust, safety and informed consent. Finally, the paper put forward a number of measures to do well the psychological evaluation and nursing care of patients, improve the professional skills of medical and nursing care, formulate the treatment plan of diseases, enhance the supervision and management of the network, and promote the social support of patients. The aim was to alleviate the "doctor-patient conflict" and create a harmonious medical environment.