Objective To analyze the acoustic features of plosive consonants in Uyghur as spoken by persons with post-palatoplasty velopharyngeal insufficiency.Methods Thirty-one Uyghur-speaking children without a speech disorder were selected as a control group,while 28 others with velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI) formed the VPI group.All were recorded speaking 9 Uyghur words which contain the plosive consonants/b/,/d/and/g/.The consonants' duration (CD),amplitude (CA),their first formants (VF1),second formants (VF2),third formants (VF3) and fourth formants (VF4) as voiced as well as the voice onset time (VOT) were measured and analyzed using the PRAAT software for the two groups.Results The VF1,VF3 and VF4 of the plosive consonant /b/ were significantly lower for those in the VPI group than among the controls,and the CD of/b/was significantlylonger.There were also significant differences between the two groups in terms of the VF1s,VF3s and CDs of the other plosive consonants.The VOTs of the consonant/b/,/d/ and/g/ were (0.12±0.05)s,(0.10±0.03)s and (0.09±0.03) s,respectively,with an occurrence rate of up to 100％ in the control group,significantly different from those in the VPI group (P＜0.05).Conclusion The acoustic features of the three plosive consonants/b/,/d/ and /g/ can distinguish Uyghur-speaking children with velopharyngeal insufficiency from those with normal speech.

Objective To establish an animal experimental model of immediately peri-implant bone defects in rabbit mandibular anterior teeth,and to investigate the osteogenetic capability of dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) on bone defects around implant.Methods Eight rabbits were involved,whose bilateral mandibular anterior teeth were removed to form the bone defects with 2 mm × 3 mm area on the buccal side of tooth extraction sockets,and then the implants were implanted immediately.The rabbits were divided into two groups.The implants were Bio-oss with DPSCs and Bio-oss with phosphate buffer saline respectively for the experimental group and the control group.The bone regeneration in the defect region was evaluated by general observation,hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining and Goldner trichrome staining and scanning electron microscope (SEM) at 4 weeks after implantation.Results The implantations were successfully conducted,and the implants were stable.There was no significant difference between the implants.The results of the HE staining and the trichrome staining showed that in the experimental group,new bone tissue and partial woven bone formed,and the properties of the newly formed bone cells were large,abundant,well differentiation,and arranging in woven pattern.While in the control group,the new bone-like tissue formation was less,and the mature cell differentiation was ordinary.The SEM results showed that there was a higher osteointegration between the new bone and the implant in the experimental group comparing with the control group.Conclusions The capability of Bio-oss with DPSCs is relatively superior to single Bio-oss in osteogenesis and osseointegration.

Postoperative fistulae are one of the most significant complications of cleft palate repair. They usually has an adverse effect on patients’ oral hygiene, speech and even mental health. There has been a wide range of rates of fistula occurrence, from 0.8%-60%, with the classification and definition of fistulae differing from one author to the next. In this paper, the definition and classification of palatal fistulae and their reconstruction method are reviewed. At present, there is a lack of a consistent definition of palatal fistulae and a classification that can fully reflect the characteristics of palatal fistula. Adjacent flap is mainly used for repairing small fistulae with an adequate amount of surrounding tissue; anteriorly based dorsal tongue flaps are a safe and reliable method for large fistulae; free flap is beneficial for refractory and complicated palatal fistulae that are difficult to repair by the local and pedicle flap; and different synthetic materials are used in multilayer repair of fistulae; among them, composite polymer membrane is highly biocompatible, promoting cell attachment and proliferation in animal models, but its security in the human body needs further research.

Children born with cleft lip and palate (CLP) are at high risk of disorders involving early speech production, and these problems can persist into later childhood, leading to the emergence of compensatory articulation errors. These difficulties in early vocalization directly impact the subsequent development of children's speech and vocabulary. Studies have shown that providing naturalistic interventions, such as milieu teaching and focused stimulation, for children with CLP in the first three years of life have positive impacts on the speech development of children, such as the potential to increase phonemic inventories and the percentage of correct consonants. In addition to speech and language therapists who perform systematic speech therapy, parents can be trained and supervised to deliver early speech intervention. The percentage of correct consonants can be used to assess outcome measures of speech intervention when combined with other measures, such as consonant inventory and speech intelligibility. However, much recent research in the field has focused on older children. Therefore, it must be determined if intervening during the early phase of typical speech development leads to better results. Future research should use more robust methodological designs to determine whether early speech intervention exhibits a positive impact on the speech and future physical and mental development of children with CLP.

Objective: This study aims to compare the incidence of dentinal microcracks produced by ProTaper Universal (PTU) and ProTaper Gold (PTG) file systems during root canal procedures in different curved canals using a dyeing technique. Methods: Sixty extracted human molars were divided into 3 groups of 20 samples each in terms of root curvature (mild bending group, 10 °-19 °; moderate bending group, 20 °-29 °; severe bending group, 30 °-39 °). Ten samples of each group were then randomly allocated to the PTU and PTG file systems. After preparation, all roots were stained using a dyeing method and sectioned at the most curved plane and 2 mm below and above the most curved plane with a low-speed saw under cold water. A stereomicroscope was used to inspect dentinal microcracks at 60 × magnification, and differences between these three instrument groups were analyzed using the chi-square test. Results : The PTG file system induced significantly fewer dentinal microcracks for total, incomplete and complete cracks (P < 0.05), and the effect was more obvious with increasing canal curvature. Conclusion With the limitations of this in vitro study, it can be concluded that ProTaper Gold can result in fewer dentinal microcracks than ProTaper Universal.