As a pivotal strategy to alleviate the shortage of organ donors, xenotransplantation has achieved remarkable advances in both pre-clinical and clinical studies in recent years, driven by continuous optimization of gene modification techniques and immunosuppressive regimens. Nevertheless, clinical translation still confronts formidable challenges, including rejection and heightened infection risks, which severely compromise long-term graft survival. Consequently, the role of immunosuppressive regimens in xenotransplantation has become increasingly prominent. This article summarizes the mechanisms underlying xenogeneic immune rejection, the latest developments in immunosuppressive regimens, cutting-edge strategies for inducing immune tolerance and the major hurdles facing clinical xenotransplantation. It delves into potential optimization strategies and directions for future clinical research, aiming to offer theoretical insights and practical guidance for the safe and effective application of clinical xenotransplantation.

Kidney transplantation is an effective treatment for end-stage renal disease.However,post transplantation diabetes mellitus(PTDM)is a common complication after kidney transplantation,affecting 10%to 40%of recipients and increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease,infections,sepsis and other conditions.The pathogenesis of PTDM is complex,including pancreatic β-cell dysfunction and insulin resistance.Tacrolimus,a commonly used immunosuppressive drug,is an independent risk factor for PTDM.Its mechanisms include damaging pancreatic β-cells,mediating impaired mitochondrial autophagy,etc.In addition,tacrolimus also raises blood glucose levels through various pathways,such as affecting gut microbiota metabolism and activating bile acid signaling pathways.In recent years,some new anti-diabetic drugs have shown certain application prospects in kidney transplant recipients,but the evidence-based medical evidence for their combined use still needs further exploration.In the future,it is necessary to conduct in-depth research on the multiple sites of action of tacrolimus to reduce the occurrence of PTDM and improve the prognosis of kidney transplant recipients.

Schizophrenia is a common, severe, and complex psychiatric disorder worldwide. Genetic factors account for around 80% of the etiology of schizophrenia, yet objective diagnostic biomarkers remain lacking. This article reports two cases of female monozygotic twins diagnosed with schizophrenia, exhibiting a balanced translocation between 22q11.2 and 4p15.3. Reviewing the literature, we analyze and discuss the correlation between chromosomal balanced translocation regions and the pathogenesis of mental disorders. This aims to encourage psychiatrists to consider new perspectives on the diagnosis of schizophrenia.

Xenotransplantation is one of the effective ways to overcome the shortage of donor organs. However, the molecular incompatibility between xenotransplantation donors and recipients can cause rejection, which greatly limits the clinical application of xenotransplantation. In recent years, researchers have deeply explored the mechanism of xenotransplantation rejection through xenotransplantation models of pig-to-monkey and pig-to-brain death recipients, and found that the innate immune system plays an important role in rejection. Macrophages, as phagocytes in the innate immune system, not only damage xenografts through phagocytosis but also interact with other immune cells to influence the immune microenvironment of xenotransplantation. However, due to the heterogeneity of macrophages, their phenotypes and functions in xenotransplantation rejection remain unclear. Therefore, it is necessary to further explore the role of macrophages in xenotransplantation rejection. This article reviews the latest research progress of macrophages in xenotransplantation rejection, aiming to explore the mechanisms of macrophages in xenotransplantation rejection and provide references for future research.

To establish an immunochromatographic method for rapid detection of caprine enterovir-us(CEV),the monoclonal antibody against CEV VP1 protein was used as gold-labeled monoclonal antibodies,and the purified rabbit-derived polyclonal antibody of CEV-VP1 and sheep anti-mouse IgG were used as the detection line and quality control line,respectively.The colloidal gold immu-nochromatographic test strips for CEV were prepared according to the principle of double antibody sandwich,evaluated,and applied for clinical specimen detection.The results showed that the meth-od specifically recognized CEV without cross-reaction with bovine enterovirus and bovine viral di-arrhea virus.The minimum detection limit of the method was 102.49 TCID50/mL and had good re-producibility.The prepared test strips had a shelf life of three months kept at 4 ℃.Detection of clin-ical samples using the immunochromatographic test strips showed 100％coincidence rate with RT-PCR method.In conclusion,the colloidal gold immunochromatographic test strips for detection of the emerging CEV with good specificity,sensitivity and repeatability,which provides a new techni-cal means easily used for the rapid detection/diagnosis and epidemiological investigation on CEV infection.

This report presents two cases of penicillium marneffei infection occurring after kidney transplantation. Both recipients presented initially with gastrointestinal symptoms and were diagnosed early by metagenomic next generation sequencing (mNGS). Treatment included amphotericin B combined with voriconazole, adjustment of immunosuppressive therapy, and nutritional support, resulting in favorable outcomes. This study aims to characterize the clinical presentation, diagnostic challenges, and individualized treatment strategies for penicillium marneffei infection in kidney transplant recipients, providing valuable insights for clinical management.

To establish an immunochromatographic method for rapid detection of caprine enterovir-us(CEV),the monoclonal antibody against CEV VP1 protein was used as gold-labeled monoclonal antibodies,and the purified rabbit-derived polyclonal antibody of CEV-VP1 and sheep anti-mouse IgG were used as the detection line and quality control line,respectively.The colloidal gold immu-nochromatographic test strips for CEV were prepared according to the principle of double antibody sandwich,evaluated,and applied for clinical specimen detection.The results showed that the meth-od specifically recognized CEV without cross-reaction with bovine enterovirus and bovine viral di-arrhea virus.The minimum detection limit of the method was 102.49 TCID50/mL and had good re-producibility.The prepared test strips had a shelf life of three months kept at 4 ℃.Detection of clin-ical samples using the immunochromatographic test strips showed 100％coincidence rate with RT-PCR method.In conclusion,the colloidal gold immunochromatographic test strips for detection of the emerging CEV with good specificity,sensitivity and repeatability,which provides a new techni-cal means easily used for the rapid detection/diagnosis and epidemiological investigation on CEV infection.

Kidney transplantation is an effective treatment for end-stage renal disease.However,post transplantation diabetes mellitus(PTDM)is a common complication after kidney transplantation,affecting 10%to 40%of recipients and increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease,infections,sepsis and other conditions.The pathogenesis of PTDM is complex,including pancreatic β-cell dysfunction and insulin resistance.Tacrolimus,a commonly used immunosuppressive drug,is an independent risk factor for PTDM.Its mechanisms include damaging pancreatic β-cells,mediating impaired mitochondrial autophagy,etc.In addition,tacrolimus also raises blood glucose levels through various pathways,such as affecting gut microbiota metabolism and activating bile acid signaling pathways.In recent years,some new anti-diabetic drugs have shown certain application prospects in kidney transplant recipients,but the evidence-based medical evidence for their combined use still needs further exploration.In the future,it is necessary to conduct in-depth research on the multiple sites of action of tacrolimus to reduce the occurrence of PTDM and improve the prognosis of kidney transplant recipients.

Schizophrenia is a common, severe, and complex psychiatric disorder worldwide. Genetic factors account for around 80% of the etiology of schizophrenia, yet objective diagnostic biomarkers remain lacking. This article reports two cases of female monozygotic twins diagnosed with schizophrenia, exhibiting a balanced translocation between 22q11.2 and 4p15.3. Reviewing the literature, we analyze and discuss the correlation between chromosomal balanced translocation regions and the pathogenesis of mental disorders. This aims to encourage psychiatrists to consider new perspectives on the diagnosis of schizophrenia.

This report presents two cases of penicillium marneffei infection occurring after kidney transplantation. Both recipients presented initially with gastrointestinal symptoms and were diagnosed early by metagenomic next generation sequencing (mNGS). Treatment included amphotericin B combined with voriconazole, adjustment of immunosuppressive therapy, and nutritional support, resulting in favorable outcomes. This study aims to characterize the clinical presentation, diagnostic challenges, and individualized treatment strategies for penicillium marneffei infection in kidney transplant recipients, providing valuable insights for clinical management.