Retinal neuronal cells are crucial in the formation of vision.Injury or death of these cells may lead to irreversible damage to visual function due to their low regenerative capacity.The P2X7 receptor is a trimeric adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-gated cation channel.Recent studies have shown that P2X7 receptor plays a role in retinal neuronal death.In a series of animal models,when exposed to conditions of hypoxia or ischemia,elevated ocular pressure,trauma and exogenous agonists,P2X7 receptor activated by extracellular ATP can cause death of retinal neuronal cells such as retinal ganglion cells and photoreceptor cells through direct or indirect pathways.Blocking the expression and function of P2X7 receptor by its specific antagonist and gene knocking-out,the loss of retinal neuronal cells is significantly attenuated.P2X7 receptor may become a potential novel neuroprotective target for diseases related to the loss of retinal neurons.

Extramural vascular invasion(EMVI)was defined as the presence of tumor cells within an endotheliumlined vessel beyond the muscularis propria.High-resolution MRI had 100％sensitivity and 89％specificity in identification of large(caliber greater than 3 mm)EMVI with histopathology as reference.EMVI detected by both histopathology and MRI was significantly associated with local recurrence,distance metastasis and tumor-related death in rectal cancer,which was also identified as an independent prognostic factor for 3-year tumor-free survival and overall survival.EMVI could be used as one of the risk factors,which would allow stratification of patients with rectal cancer to receive neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy(neoCRT).Moreover,EMVI detected by high-resolution MRI was identified as an independent predictor for response to neoCRT.Tumor regression grading scale defined by high-resolution MRI could be used to evaluate EMVI regression after neoCRT.

Background Trans-arachidonic acids (TAAs) are specific lipid markers of nitrative stress and the major products of NO2·-mediated ismoerization of aracchidonic acid(AA),and they represent a possible new mechanism of NO2·-induced toxicity in ischemic retinopathy.Our previous study demonstrated that high glucose induce nitrative stress response. Objective This study aimed to evaluate the effect of nitrative stress on retinal capillary in diabetic rats by detecting the TAAs with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry(GC/MS).Methods One hundred 2-week-old clean male SD rats were randomly divided into control group and diabetic group.Diabetic rat models were induced by intraperitoneal injection of streptozoticin of 60 mg/kg,and the successful models were identified as the blood glucose level>16.7 mmol/L.The synthesis method was modified in this study andaraehidonic acid w8$utilized as starting material.14E-AA was obtained as a standard sample via expoxidation and deoxidation in a safe and practical pattern.Serum TAAs and AA in diabetic rats were detected by GC/MS in 2,4,8,12 and 16 weeks after injection of streptozoticin.The ratio of peak area of TAAs to AA with selected ion of 79 was estimated and compared with normal rats. Results Fifty rats had been in Diabetic models were established in 50 rats with the successful rate 100%,and the high blood glucose level in model rats retained throughout the experimental duration.GC/MS results showed that the 14E-AA was obtained with the purity of 97.3%,which provided a standard sample to nitrative stress-related research as a premise. No significant differences were found in serum TAAs/AA values at 2 weeks and 4 weeks between model group and control group (t =-0. 376, t =-0. 642,P>0. 05). However,serum TAAs/AA values in at 8,12 and 16 weeks after streptozoticin injection were considerably elevated in comparison with those of control group (0. 0832 vs 0. 1042,0. 0910 vs 0. 1568, 0. 1100 vs 0. 1895;t=-36.409,t=-166.714,t=-148.212,P<0. 05). Conclusion Elevation of serum TAAs/AA is associated with diabetic duration,implying that damage of nitrative stress to retinal capillary is a parallel procedure to diabetic course.Establishment of GC/MS detection system offers a new evaluating indicator in the research on microvascular ischemic disease and could be implemented in clinical testing.

OBJECTIVETo modify biomacromolecules, such as chitosan and collagen, to synthesize a mineralized template that will induce self-growing remineralization of tooth enamel.

METHODSNatural polycation polysaccharide chitosan was modified through phosphorylation to synthesize the polyanion derivative ofphosphorylated chitosan. Parent hydrogels com- bined with chitosan and collagen I were built through peptide binding reaction using genipin as a crosslinker. The gels self- assembled on the tooth's inert surface, which was stimulated by ultraviolet radiation. The bionic saliva provided mineralized ion, and then the hydroxyapatite assembled and grew in situ on the tooth.

RESULTSThe functional group P04(3-) (3,446 cm(-1)) was grafted on chitosan as confirmed by the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The porous polyelectrolyte complex hydrogel formed by the interaction between the polycation chitosan and the polyanion phosphorylated chitosan could induce hydroxyapatite crystal nucleation and growth on the hydrogel fiber surfaces. The neonatal crystal was hydroxyapatite as confirmed by X-ray diffraction and was tightly connected to the tooth. A continuous structure of column crystals with sizes ranging from 30 nm to 60 nm was observed. The structure was in parallel direction similar to the direction of the enamel rod, and its hardness was close to dentin.

CONCLUSIONThe parent hydrogels that were easily obtained and controlled could mimic the template of the enamel mineralization and induce a self-growing hydroxyapatite, which is an important step in the structural bionics of enamel.

Biocompatible Materials ; Chitosan ; Collagen ; Dental Enamel ; Durapatite ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Polymers ; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared ; Tooth ; Tooth Remineralization ; Ultraviolet Rays ; X-Ray Diffraction

Multidrug resistance (MDR) remains the major obstacle to the success of clinical cancer chemotherapy. P-glycoprotein (P-gp), encoded by the MDR1, is an important part with complex mechanisms associated with the MDR. In order to overcome the MDR of tumors, we in the present experimental design incorporated small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting MDR1 gene and anticancer drug paclitaxel (PTX) into the solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) to achieve the combinational therapeutic effects of genetherapy and chemotherapy. In this study, siRNA-PTX-SLNs were successfully prepared. The cytotoxicity of blank SLNs and siRNA-PTX-SLNs in MCF-7 cells and MCF-7/ADR cells were detected by MTT; and the uptake efficiency of PTX in MCF-7/ADR cells were detected via HPLC method; quantitative real-time PCR and flow cytometry were performed to investigate the silencing effect of siRNA-PTX- SLNs on MDR1 gene in MCF-7/ADR cells. The results showed that PTX loaded SLNs could significantly inhibit the growth of tumor cells, and more importantly, the MDR tumor cells treated with siRNA-PTX-SLNs showed the lowest viability. HPLC study showed that SLNs could enhance the cellular uptake for PTX. Meanwhile, siRNA delivered by SLNs significantly decreased the P-gp expression in MDR tumor cells, thus increased the cellular accumulation of rhodamine123 as a P-gp substrate. In conclusion, the MDR1 gene could be silenced by siRNA-PTX-SLNs, which could promote the growth inhibition efficiency of PTX on tumor cells, leading to synergetic effect on MDR tumor therapy.
ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Sub-Family B ; genetics ; Antineoplastic Agents ; pharmacology ; Breast Neoplasms ; pathology ; Drug Delivery Systems ; Drug Resistance, Multiple ; Drug Resistance, Neoplasm ; Humans ; Lipids ; chemistry ; MCF-7 Cells ; drug effects ; Nanoparticles ; chemistry ; Paclitaxel ; pharmacology ; RNA, Small Interfering ; pharmacology ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction

Objective To investigate the association between drainage volume and removal of chest tube after video-as?sisted thoracoscopic surgery(VATS) lobectomy. Methods Patients with VATS were randomly divided into three groups:the drainage volume was less than 100 mL/24 h (group A), the drainage volume was more than 100 mL/24 h but less than 200 mL/24 h(group B) and the drainage volume was more than 200 mL/24 h but less than 300 mL/24 h (group C). According to in?clusion criteria and exclusion criteria, finally there were 90 patients in group A, 87 patients in group B and 83 patients in group C. The duration of chest-tube drainage, the occurrence of pulmonary infection, pulmonary atelectasis, pneumothorax, hydrothorax, seepage or delayed union after removal of chest tube, the dosage of analgesic and the length of hospital stay af?ter surgery were recorded. Data were analyzed statistically. Results The average durations of chest-tube drainage were (91.76±15.59)h, (84.17±18.33)h and (56.14±12.25)h, the average morphine consumptions were (236.82±67.20)mg, (187.36± 76.64)mg and (139.29±52.74)mg, and the average lengths of hospital stay after surgery were (11.47±1.90)d, (10.68±2.50)d and (10.23 ± 2.14)d for three groups of patients, respectively. And the indexes in group C were distinctly lower than those in group A and group B (P<0.05). There were no significant differences in pulmonary atelectasis, the occurrence of postopera?tive pulmonary infection, pneumothorax, hydrothorax, seepage or delayed union after removal of chest tubes between three groups of patients (P > 0.05). Conclusion It is safe and acceptable that the removal of chest tube after VATS when the drainage volume reaches 300 mL within 24 h.

Objective To study the clinicopathological characteristics and immunophenotype of solid pseudopapillary neoplasm (SPN) of the pancreas.Methods Retrospective analysis was performed for the clinical materials,pathological features and immunohistochemical phenotype characteristics of the 23 SPN cases.Results Ratio of male to female was 1:10;the average age was 32 years.10(43％) patients had no clinical symptoms,12 (52％) patients had abdominal pain,abdominal distention or diarrhea;1 patient had jaundice.Tumors were in the head of pancreas in 10(43％) cases,and were in the tail or body of pancreas in 13 cases.Grossly,tumors were solid-cystic or solid;the maximum diameter were from 1.3 cm to 17 cm,with the average of 5.9 cm;12 (52％) cases appeared encapsulated.Histopathologically,21 (91％) cases appeared to exhibit a fibrous capsule surrounding the tumors,and the fibrous capsule invasion were observed in all these cases;Pancreas tissues were involved in 8(35％) cases.Tumor cells arranged in sheets,nests and pseudopapillary patterns.Hemorrhage,necrosis and cystic degeneration were often seen.Tumor cells were positive for vimentin,β-catenin,CK,CD10,PR,CD56 and Syn.Tumor were mostly negative for CgA and Ki-67.23 cases were followed up for 2 to 44 months,and all were alive.Conclusion SPN is a low degree malignant tumor often seen in young women with various histological patterns and multiple immunophenotypes.Definite diagnosis of SPN can be made by combining clinicopathological characteristics with a panel of immunohistochemicat marks.SPN grows slowly,often responds to surgical resection and rarely recur.

Clinical internships play an important role in higher medical education. According to the new standards in undergraduate medical education set by the MOE and MOH,we identified 4 main problems in our internships training,including lack of awareness of career planning,interns'absence from duty,lack of hands-on opportunities,psychological problems,etc. According to these problems,we carried out a series of solutions such as strengthening intern orientation,especially in aspects of professionalism and clinical skills training,optimizing the rotation schedule and improving the evaluation methods etc. Experiential evidence and perceptions of interns and their tutors showed that these changes were effective.

Objectives To systematically evaluate the effect of music given to pregnant rats on the development of brain functions in the offspring rats and to provide scientific evidence for the application of antenatal musical training and the promotion of welfare for laboratory animals.Methods We comprehensively retrieved and collected the research literatures related to the effect of music on brain function development in offsprings of the pregnant rats from Pubmed,Web of Science,Cochrane Library,Wanfang,Weipu,CNKI and CBMdisc.The retrieval time was set from the foundation date of databases to 2 April,2016.We selected literatures according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria,evaluated their utilities,then extracted and qualitatively described the data.Results Seven experimental studies were selected in this study including 4 published in Chinese and 3 in English.The object laboratory animals of those studies were Wistar or SD rats.Music materials involved comfort music,classic music,violin concerto(Liangzhu/The butterfly lovers).Intervention were given to the pregnant rats roundly from the gestation until parturition.These results showed that,to some extent,music stimulations during gestation may promote the development of brain function and improve spatial memory of the offspring rats.However,expressions of some functional receptors were not significantly altered.Conclusions Appropriate music provided to the pregnant rats promote the development of brain functions in their offspring.

PurposeTo investigate the role of diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) in the detection of focal liver lesions (FLL).Materials and Methods T2WI, dynamic contrast enhancement (DCE) and DWI (b=100 s/mm2 and 600 s/mm2 respectively) were performed in 205 patients with 310 FLLs. All images were read by two reviewers to determine the detection of FLLs and score the confidence. The consistency of the results given by the two reviewers was evaluated. The confidence scores between different sequences and the detection rate of different sequences were also compared.Results The consistency of the two reviewers was excellent or good in T2WI, high b value DWI, low b value DWI, and DCE (Kappa=0.71, 0.85, 0.82 and 0.64,P<0.05). As to the confidence score of lesion detection, high b value DWI and low b value DWI were both significantly higher than T2WI (P<0.01), but both were lower than DCE (P<0.01). DWI yielded higher score and detection rate for detecting FLLs than T2WI (86.5%vs. 70.3%,P<0.01), but lower than DCE (91.6%,P<0.05). For small malignant lesions (≤2 cm in diameter), DWI showed similar detection rate with DCE (P>0.05), but higher than T2WI (P<0.01). The combination of DWI and DCE detected more small malignant lesions than DWI or DCE alone (P<0.01).Conclusion DWI can detect more FLLs than T2WI, and can help DCE detect small malignant FLLs. Therefore DWI is suggested to be included in the routine protocol of liver MRI examination.