Objective To optimize the extraction process of Ardisia crenata based on the content of total saponins and to provide a basis for the Ardisia crenata study. Methods Based on the results of the single-factor tests and the Box-Behnken central composite experimental design principles, a response surface methodology which has three factors and three levels was designed to optimize the extraction process of Ardisia crenata based on the content of saponins. Results A maximal extraction yield of total saponins reached 2. 29% under the optimal conditions as follows:70% alcohol was used as extraction solvent with the material to liquid ratio of 116, the extraction time was 3 h at 70 ℃. Conclusion The optimized extraction process is accurate, reliable and practically valuable.

Objective To verify the flow field performance of the air dynamic wind tunnel. Methods The performance of the flow field was evaluated by testing the flow speed of sample-point on the sample-transect of the tunnel. Results Among the flow range of the tunnel, the relative deviations of the speeds of each sample-point on the sample-transect were less than 10%. When the flow rate was set, the relative deviations of the sample-transect average speed in different test period were less than 10%. The ratio of average wind velocity of upper reach to down reach of the tunnel was between 0.92 and 1.03. Conclusion The flow field of the air dynamic wind tunnel is even, stable and coincident.

The therapeutic response of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) differs among individuals.According to the changes of central retinal thickness,intraretinal fluid,subretinal fluid,best corrected visual acuity and other morphological or functional manifestations after treatment,the performance of the treated eyes can be classified as optimal response,poor response and non-response.A variety of factors could account for poor or non-response to anti-VEGF,such as genomic polymorphism and specific genomic risk alleles,lesion characteristics,vitreous and macular structural abnormalities,resistance to anti-VEGF drug,and the role of pericytes and others.The common counter measures include increasing the dosage,shortening the injection interval and replacing with another alternative drug,inhibition of pericytes,relieving vitreomacular anatomical abnormalities.It is still worthy of further exploration that how to assess individual reasons for non-response,so that we can give proper treatment to reduce the excessive use of anti-VEGF drugs and improve the clinical management of ocular neovascularization diseases.

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of low vision and blindness in the elder people.Various animal models based on the technology of the genetics are established recently in researches on this disease to investigate its pathogenesis or mechanisms.This article reviews different experimental genetic murine models of AMD used in recent studies.

OBJECTIVE To analyse the bacterial culture of aqueous vitreous as well as their sensitivity to antibiotics in intraocular foreign bodies(IOFB).METHODS Bacterial culture of aqueous vitreous as well as their sensitivity to antibiotics were taken at 32 cases(32 eyes) of IOFBs with in 24 hours.And the results were analyzed.RESULTS 21 cases with bacterial culture of aqueous vitreous were found to be positive with bacterial infection.Staphylococcus epidermidis was the most frequently bacteria and identified in 15 cases,which accounted for 71.4% of these 21 cases.All the identified bacteria were sensitive to Ofloxacin,Ciprofloxacin and Cefoperazone,and partly sensitive to Gentamycin and Tobramycin.All of them were resistant to Chlororamphenicol and Rifapine.The occurrence of positive bacterial identification of unmetal foreign bodies were significantly higher than that of metal foreign bodies(?2=4.631,P=0.029).There was no significomt difference between.The location of penetrating eye trauma or lens rupture in the bacterial positive rate identification(?2=2.398,P=0.122;?2=0.327,P=0.568).CONCLUSIONS In patients with IOFB,the major bacteria entering into the eye was Staphylococcus epidermidis.As for prophylactic antibiotics,Quinolones and Cefoperazone can be used as the first line antibiotics.

Nitric Oxide Synthase ; Ventricular Remodeling

Stroke is a cerebrovascular disease type with high morbidity and mortality,of which ischemic stroke accounts for about 80％.Now,it is believed that the inflammatory mechanisms play an important role in the progress of pathological physiology of ischemic stroke.Peripheral T lymphocytes infiltrate to the damaged area within 24 hours after cerebral ischemia and are involved in the advance of inflammatory process of brain tissue.As a subtype of T lymphocytes,regulatory T cells are mainly located in the ischemic penumbra; however,at present,its role in ischemic brain injury remains controversial.The research on the mechanisms of regulatory T cells in ischemic stroke may contribute to further understanding of the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke and find new therapeutic targets.

Objective To investigate the expression level of serum Golgi protein-73 (GP73) in patients with primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), or accompanied with Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS), and to discuss its clinical value in making early diagnosis. Methods The peripheral serum samples were collected in 490 individuals, including patients with HCC (n = 65), cholangiocarcinoma (CC, n = 35), Budd-Chiari syndrome accompanied with HCC (n = 40), type B virus hepatitis (n = 60), cirrhosis after B hepatitis (n = 60), Budd-Chiari syndrome complicated by cirrhosis (n = 60), other malignant lesions (n =50), benign hepatic lesions (n = 60) and healthy volunteers (n = 60). The expression levels of serum GP73 and AFP were determined by using Elisa and electrochemiluminescence methods separately. Results The expression level of serum GP73 in the patients with HCC , CC or BCS plus HCC were significantly higher than that in the other individuals (P < 0.05). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC), the sensitivity, the specificity and the diagnostic accuracy of GP73 and AFP for HCC were 0.868, 90.8%, 75.5%, 77.6% and 0.739, 60%, 83.2%, 80.2% respectively. The cut-off values of GP73 and AFP were 43.40 ng/ml and 20ng/ml respectively. The area under ROC and the sensitivity of GP73 for the diagnosis of HCC were strikingly higher than those of AFP (P < 0.05), while no significant differences in the specificity and diagnostic accuracy existed between GP73 and AFP (P > 0.05). The area under ROC, sensitivity, specificity and the accuracy of GP73 for the diagnosis of CC were 0.774 , 88.6%, 72.7% and 73.9%respectively, and the optimal cut-off value was 45.40 ng/ml. Conclusion In diagnosing HCC, the expression level of serum GP73 is superior to AFP. It is hopeful that serum GP73 may be proved to be an early serum tumor marker for HCC.

Objective To investigate the influence of mycophenolate mofetil(MMF) on blood and urine biochemical indica‐tors as well as the expressions of IL‐1 in anti‐glomerular basement membrane(GBM ) nephritis SD rats .Methods The SD rats were randomly divided into control group ,model group and MMF group .And then the models of SD rat anti‐GBM nephritis were estab‐lished by injecting rabbit anti‐SD rat GBM serum antibodies .The urinary protein and blood parameters were detected initially ,1st , 2nd ,3rd and 4th weeks after administration respectively .The expressions of IL‐1 and TGF‐β1 were detected by Elisa Kit and the re‐nal pathological changes were observed by HE and PAS staining .Results After treatment for 4 weeks by MMF ,the 24 h UP ,BUN and SCr levels were lower in MMF group than those of the model group(P<0 .05) .And the expressions of IL‐1 and TGF‐β1 were decreased in MMF group .The results of HE and PAS staining showed that in model group rats ,glomerular tuft morphology was destroyed and inflammatory cell infiltration was observed in the glomeruli .Some glomeruli had cellular crescent formation .Infiltra‐tion of inflammatory cells was also observed in the interstitium .MMF clearly improved these pathological changes overall ,with im‐provements noted in both glomerular and tubular degeneration as well as in the infiltration of inflammatory cells .Conclusion MMF shows certain renal protective effect on anti‐GBM nephritis SD rats .

Methamphetamine ( METH ) , a powerful stimulant of amphetamine type in the central nervous system ( CNS ) , is a new kind of synthetic drugs mainly in psychological dependence. Long-time abuse will lead to strong neurotoxicity and drug de-pendence. Recently it has become the abuse problem in public health. Autophagy is a process of degradation and utilization of the cellular components by the lysosome, which widely exists in eukaryotic cells. Many studies show that methamphetamine can iduce autophagy,but the underlying mechanism is not fully un-derstood yet . Therefore,the mechanisms and signaling pathways of autophagy by methamphetamine and the roles of autophagy in methamphetamine induce neurotoxicity are reviewed in this pa-per, so as to provide reference materials for further research of methamphetamine and autophagy.