HIV/AIDS is one of the most serious public health challenges globally. Despite the great efforts that are being devoted to prevent, treat and to better understand the disease, it is one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Currently, there are 30 drugs or combinations of drugs approved by FDA. Because of the side-effects, price and drug resistance, it is essential to discover new targets, to develop new technology and to find new anti-HIV drugs. This review summarizes the major targets and assays currently used in anti-HIV drug screening.

s Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) was first identified as the etiologic agent of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) in 1994.KSHV infection is necessary,but not sufficient for the development of Kaposi sarcoma (KS),primary effusion lymphoma (PEL),and multicentric Castleman disease (MCD).Advances in the prevention and treatment of KSHV-associated Diseases have been achieved,even though current treatment options are ineffective,or toxic to many affected persons.The identification of new targets for potential future therapies and the randomized trial to evaluate the efficacy of new antivirals are required.

Objective To observe the effect of puerarin on the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) in myocardial in scalded rat.Methods Eighty-eight Wistar rats were randomly divided into the recovery group (group R,n=40),the treatment group (group T,n=40) and the control group (group C,n=8) . The rats in the recovery and the treatment groups were subjected to 30% TBSAⅢdegree scald.Myocardial tissue samples from the group R and group T were harvested at 1,3,6,12,24 postburn hours for the determination of MDA and MPO. The morphological change in the myocardial tissue was observed with transmission electronic microscope.Results (1)In group R,MDA、MPO went up 1 hours after burns,and all attaining the top at 12 hours post burn (P＜0.01).(2)In group T,the indexes above had the same trends as group R.But comparing with group R,MPO and MDA were much lower at 1,3,6,12 hours (P＜0.05 or P＜0.01).(3)Comparing with group R,the altrastructural changes were obviously alleviated at 24 hours in group T.Conclusion The production of MDA,MPO in severely burned rats can be inhibited by puerarin,which was beneficial in the management of myocardial injuries after severe burns.

Objective To explore the effect of damage control surgery (DCS) in the treatment of severe electric burn. Methods Retrospective analysis on clinical data of 45 patients with severe electric burn was con-ducted. According to implementing DCS or not , patients were separated into DCS group and control group. In DCS group, tangential excision and transplanted xenogenic acellular dermal matrix was conducted for severe electric burn cases with deep Ⅱ degree wound, and escharectomy and VSD dressing for Ⅲ~Ⅳ degree electric contact burn wound at the first stage then skin-grafting or skin flap-grafting on the secong stage was applied. For control group , debridement, tangential excision or escharectomy and skin-grafting or skin flap-grafting to close the wound were conducted. We compared the difference in terms of operation time, length of stay, disability rate, mortality and complications between 2 groups. Results The operation time, incidince of disability and complications in DCS Group obviously decreased but there was no difference in length of stay and mortality in both groups. Conclusion DCS is effective for reducing complications and optimizing therapeutic effect for severe electric burn patients.

Objective To investigate the effects of three different concentrations of hypertonic sodium salt (HS) resuscitation on liver injury of rats at the early stage of severe burned.Methods 104 female Sprage-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into five groups: sham group (n = 8), lactated Ringer solution (LR) group (n = 24), 600, 800, 1000 mmol/L HS groups (HS600, HS800, and HS1000 groups,n = 24). Rats in LR group and HS groups were subjected to full-thickness scald with 30% total body surface area (TBSA), and then given liquid resuscitation treatment with LR and the corresponding HS. These rats were sacrificed at 2, 8 and 24 hours post injury to collect blood and liver tissue. Rats in sham group were given simulation of burns without resuscitation, which were immediately sacrificed and the specimens were harvested. The levels of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were detected by automatic biochemical analyzer. The levels of liver tissue malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were detected by ultraviolet spectrophotometry. The expression of liver tissue p38 mitogen-actirated protein kinase (p38MARK) was detected by Western Blot.Results Compared with sham group, the levels of ALT, AST, MDA and p38MAPK were increased, and the activities of SOD were decreased in LR group and different degrees in HS groups at each time point after injury. Compared with LR group, the levels of ALT, AST, MDA and p38MAPK were decreased and the activities of SOD were increased in different degrees with HS groups, among which HS600 group changed most significantly [ALT (U/L): 147±52 vs. 227±60 at 8 hours, 138±47 vs. 191±41 at 24 hours; AST (U/L):288±79 vs. 548±237 at 2 hours, 567±167 vs. 841±338 at 8 hours, 515±180 vs. 712±159 at 24 hours; MDA (nmol/mg): 0.287±0.036 vs. 0.395±0.041 at 2 hours, 0.298±0.030 vs. 0.392±0.018 at 8 hours, 0.278±0.033 vs. 0.422±0.036 at 24 hours; SOD (U/mg): 230±16 vs. 159±30 at 2 hours, 251±14 vs. 194±15 at 8 hours, 296±8 vs. 243±11 at 24 hours; p-p38MAPK/p38MAPK (A value): 0.778±0.040 vs. 1.065±0.066 at 2 hours, 0.791±0.046 vs. 0.967±0.041 at 8 hours, 0.733±0.027 vs. 1.020±0.043 at 24 hours; allP < 0.05]. The levels of ALT and AST in HS600 group were significantly lower than those in HS1000 group at 2 hours and in HS800 group at 8 hours. The levels of MDA and p38MAPK in HS600 group were significantly lower than those of HS800 group and HS1000 group, and the level of SOD in HS600 group was significantly higher than that in HS800 group and HS1000 group at each time point after injury. There were no significant differences in all test indicators between HS800 group and HS1000 group at each time point after injury.Conclusions High concentration of HS can reduce the early liver injury in severely scalded rats, of which the curative effect of HS 600 mmol/L is best.

Objective To explore a time series based meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials (RCTs) and observational studies which examined differences in mortality in acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) patients treated with artificial liver support system(ALSS) or not.Methods Medline,Embase,Ovid,and Cochrane library database was systemically searched up to December 2014.The outcome measure was mortality at different follow-up endpoints.Relative risks (RRs) were pooled for analysis.Results Ten studies,involving a total of 1682 ACLF patients,among whom 842 were treated with ALSS.ALSS was found to reduce the risk of 1-month and 3-month mortality for patients with ACLF by nearly 16.4％ and 13.2％,respectively.Randomized trials and observational studies provided good internal and external validity,respectively.Conclusions ALSS therapy could reduce short-term mortality in patients with ACLF.Clinical utility of this system for survival benefit may be implied.

Objective To summarized the projects received and funded in the fields of emergency and intensive care medicine/trauma/burns/plastic surgery from National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) during 2010-2013,put forward the thinking and perspective of this future trend in these fields.Methods The number of the funded project and total funding in the fields of emergency and intensive care medicine/trauma/burns/plastic surgery from NSFC during 2010-2013 had been statistical analyzed,in the meantime,the overview situation of various branches in basic research and further preliminary analysis the research frontier and hot issues have been analyzed.Results ① The number of funded project were 581 in H 15 of NSFC during 2010-2013,total funding reached to 277.13 million RMB,including 117 projects in H 1511 (emergency and intensive care medicine/trauma/burns/plastic surgery and other science issue),96 projects in H1507 (wound healing and scar),88 projects in H1502 (multi-organ failure),71 projects in H 1505 (burn),61 projects in H 1504 (trauma) ② The top 10 working unit for project funding in the field of Emergency and intensive care medicine/trauma/burns/plastic surgery present as Third Military Medical University (70),Shanghai Jiao tong University (69),Second Military Medical University (40),Chinese PLA General Hospital (36),Forth Military Medical University (35),Zhejiang University (22),Sun Yat-Sen University (18),Southern Medical University (14),China Medical University (11),Capital Medical University (11) respectively,the number of funded project positive correlated with funding.③ The funded research field in H15 covered almost all important organs and system injury or repair research,our scientists reached a fairly high level in some research field,for example,sepsis,trauma,repair,et al.Sepsis was funded 112 projects in H15 for 4 years,the growth rate became rapid and stable comparing to shock,burns and cardiopulmonary resuscitation funded projects' number.emergency and intensive care medicine/trauma/burns research fields related to heart,lung,bone/cartilage/muscle,stomach/intestinal/liver,brain/spinal cord/peripheral nerve and other tissues/organs.The number of funded projects in plastic surgery related research fields in angioma and flap related projects were down below to 3 projects,but the number of funded project in wounds,scar repair related research field were more than other fields relatively.④ In frontier and research hot issue,the funded rate represent as 23.8％,21.4％,19.0％ and 23.9％ in stem cell related research fields in 4 years respectively.The funded rate average to 20.9％ in epigenetic related research fields for four years,the funded rate achieved to break through zero in autophagy related research fields,the total rate raised to 32.6％ from 2011 to 2013.Conclusions The funded number and funding were raised rapidly in the fields of emergency and intensive care medicine/trauma/burns/plastic surgery from NSFC.The application for each proposal should be focus on concise or upgrade the scientific issues to improve the quality.The depth or systematic in content and interdisciplinary research fields (e.g.immunology) should be paid attention to.Sepsis,trauma and burns will be the main stream direction in future in the fields of emergency and intensive care medicine/trauma/burns/plastic surgery.The fields of wound healing and scar,surface organ defects,damage,repair and regeneration,surface tissue/organ transplantation and reconstruction,craniofacial deformities and correction are important develop directions in future work.

Objective: To understand the homology and resistance characteristics of Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae) in healthy preschool children, so as to provide basis for disease transmission prevention and rational use of antibiotics. Methods: Stratified cluster random sampling method was used to sample 1 829 healthy children from six kindergartens in Shunde District, Foshan City. Nasal swabs were taken and tested for S. pneumoniae. Multi locus sequence typing was used for homology analysis. The Chi squared test and random forest analysis were used to explore the resistance characteristics. Results: The nasal carriage rate of S. pneumoniae and multidrug resistant S. pneumoniae (MDRSP) in children were 22.5%(412/1 829) and 21.3%(390/1 829), respectively. Homology analysis in sequence types showed that the total homology rates of 6 kindergartens were 93.5%(87/93), 91.1% (72/79), 89.2%(58/65), 88.9%(64/72), 86.2%(50/58), 77.8%(35/45), respectively. It was found that the highest homology rate was 82.8% (48/58) within class and 93.1% (81/87) between classes. S. pneumoniae was mainly resistant to azithromycin (97.1%, 400/412), erythromycin (92.0%, 379/412) and tetracycline (91.5%, 377/412). The dominant multidrug resistance pattern of MDRSP isolates was not sensitive to azithromycin, erythromycin, cotrimoxazole, tetracycline and clindamycin. Random forest analysis indicated that the important phenotypic markers associated with MDRSP were resistance to azithromycin, cotrimoxazole, tetracycline, clindamycin and erythromycin(MDG=8.94, 6.92, 5.80, 4.84, 2.58). Conclusion The risk of cross transmission of S. pneumoniae among preschool children is high, and direct contact is the main way of transmission. Consequently, kindergartens and health departments should take effective measures to effectively prevent and block the spread of Streptococcus pneumoniae.

Objective: To explore the effects of hypertonic sodium saline (HSS) resuscitation on the liver damage of rats at early stage of severe scald. Methods: Fifty-six SD rats were divided into sham injury group (SI, n=8), lactated Ringer′s solution group (LRS, n=24), and group HSS (n=24) according to the random number table. Rats in group SI were sham injured without resuscitation, while rats in the other two groups were reproduced deep partial-thickness to full-thickness scald model with 30% total body surface area on the back. Rats in group LRS were resuscitated with LRS, while rats in group HSS were resuscitated with 300 mmol/L sodium ion solution according to the Parkland formula. Blood of abdominal aorta and liver of 8 rats in group SI immediately post injury and in the other two groups at post injury hour (PIH) 2, 8, and 24 respectively were collected. Then liver water content was determined by dry-wet weight method. Serum content of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) was detected by automatic biochemical analyzer. Serum content of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin-1 (IL-1), and high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Liver content of malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) was detected by ultraviolet spectrophotometer. Pathologic changes of liver were observed by HE staining. Data were processed with one-way analysis of variance and SNK test. Results: (1) At PIH 2, 8, and 24, liver water content of rats in group LRS was higher than that in group SI and group HSS (P<0.05 or P<0.01). (2) At PIH 2, serum ALT content of rats in the three groups was similar (with P values above 0.05). At PIH 8 and 24, serum ALT content of rats in group HSS and group LRS was higher than that in group SI (P<0.05 or P<0.01), and serum ALT content of rats in group HSS was lower than that in group LRS (with P values below 0.01). At PIH 2, 8, and 24, serum AST content of rats in group HSS and group LRS was higher than that in group SI (with P values below 0.01). At PIH 2 and 8, serum AST content of rats in group HSS was lower than that in group LRS (P<0.05 or P<0.01). (3) At PIH 2 and 8, serum TNF-α content of rats in group LRS was (123±39) and (153±38) pg/mL respectively, higher than that in group SI [(60±18) pg/mL] and group HSS [(85±10) and (94±16) pg/mL respectively, with P values below 0.01]. At PIH 8, serum TNF-α content of rats in group HSS was higher than that in group SI (P<0.05). At PIH 24, serum TNF-α content of rats in the three groups was similar (with P values above 0.05). At PIH 2, 8, and 24, serum IL-1 content of rats in group LRS was (122±35), (141±30), and (122±31) pg/mL respectively, and that in group HSS was (80±12), (93±15), and (80±11) pg/mL respectively, all higher than that in group SI [(40±17) pg/mL, with P values below 0.01]; serum IL-1 content of rats in group HSS was lower than that in group LRS (with P values below 0.01). At PIH 2, serum HMGB1 content of rats in the three groups was similar (with P values above 0.05). At PIH 8 and 24, serum HMGB1 content of rats in group LRS was (0.386±0.146) and (0.590±0.188) ng/mL respectively, higher than that in group SI [(0.050±0.027) ng/mL] and group HSS [(0.143±0.038) and (0.309±0.095) ng/mL respectively, with P values below 0.01]. At PIH 24, serum HMGB1 content of rats in group HSS was higher than that in group SI (P<0.01). (4) At PIH 2, 8, and 24, liver MDA content of rats in group HSS and group LRS was higher than that in group SI and their liver SOD content was lower than that in group SI (with P values below 0.01); liver MDA content of rats in group HSS was lower than that in group LRS and their liver SOD content was higher than that in group LRS (with P values below 0.01). (5) Compared with those of rats in group SI, liver cells of rats in group LRS showed massive steatosis at each time point, and liver cell-edema appeared at PIH 8 and 24; while liver cells of rats in group HSS showed little steatosis only at PIH 8 and 24, and the liver cell-edema never appeared. Conclusions Compared with LRS, HSS resuscitation can alleviate liver injury of rats at the early stage of severe scald through relieving inflammatory mediators and reducing degree of oxidative stress, etc.

Objective: To investigate the role of bone marrow tyrosine kinase on chromosome X (BMX) in the production of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) from mouse mononuclear-macrophages induced by endotoxin/lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and its related mechanism. Methods: Mouse mononuclear-macrophages RAW264.7 were inoculated in 6-well plates and routinely cultured for the following experiments. (1) Cells were collected and divided into blank control group, LPS control group, and 75, 750, 7 500, 75 000 nmol/L BMX-IN-1 pretreatment groups according to the random number table, with 8 wells in each group. Cells in blank control group were routinely cultured for 25 h. Cells in LPS control group were routinely cultured for 24 h and stimulated by LPS in the final mass concentration (the same below) of 0.1 μg/mL for 1 h. Cells in the latter 4 groups were pretreated with BMX-IN-1 in the final molarity (the same below) of 75, 750, 7 500, 75 000 nmol/L for 24 h and stimulated by 0.1 μg/mL LPS for 1 h. The mRNA expression of TNF-α of cells in each group was determined by real-time fluorescent quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to screen the optimum concentration of BMX-IN-1. (2) Cells were collected and divided into LPS control group and 2, 4, 8, 12, 18 h BMX-IN-1 pretreatment groups according to the random number table, with 8 wells in each group. Cells in LPS control group were stimulated by 0.1 μg/mL LPS for 1 h. Cells in the latter 5 groups were pretreated with optimum concentration of BMX-IN-1 for 2, 4, 8, 12, 18 h respectively and stimulated by 0.1 μg/mL LPS for 1 h. The mRNA expression of TNF-α of cells in each group was determined by real-time fluorescent quantitative RT-PCR to screen the optimum time for BMX-IN-1 pre-treatment. (3) Cells were collected and divided into blank control group, BMX-IN-1 control group, LPS control group, and BMX-IN-1+ LPS group according to the random number table, with 16 wells in each group. Cells in blank control group were routinely cultured for the optimum time plus 1 h. Cells in BMX-IN-1 control group were pretreated with BMX-IN-1 in the optimum concentration for the optimum time and then routinely cultured for 1 h. Cells in LPS control group were routinely cultured for the optimum time and then stimulated by 0.1 μg/mL LPS for 1 h. Cells in BMX-IN-1+ LPS group were pretreated with BMX-IN-1 in the optimum concentration for the optimum time and then stimulated by 0.1 μg/mL LPS for 1 h. The mRNA expressions of TNF-α and IL-1β were determined by real-time fluorescent quantitative RT-PCR, and the activity of BMX and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) were determined by Western blotting, with 8 samples in each determination. Data were processed with one-way analysis of variance and LSD test. Results: (1) Compared with that in blank control group, the mRNA expression of TNF-α of cells was significantly increased in the other 5 groups (with P values below 0.01). Compared with that in LPS control group, the mRNA expression of TNF-α of cells was decreased in each BMX-IN-1 pretreatment group, but only the mRNA expression of TNF-α of cells in 75 000 nmol/L BMX-IN-1 pretreatment group was significantly decreased (P<0.05). The optimum concentration of BMX-IN-1 was 75 000 nmol/L. (2) Compared with that in LPS control group, the mRNA expression of TNF-α of cells was not significantly changed in 2 and 4 h BMX-IN-1 pretreatment groups (with P values above 0.05) but significantly decreased in 8, 12, and 18 h BMX-IN-1 pretreatment groups (P<0.05 or P<0.01). The mRNA expression of TNF-α of cells in 12 h BMX-IN-1 pretreatment group was the lowest. The optimum time for BMX-IN-1 pre-treatment was 12 h. (3) The mRNA expressions of TNF-α and IL-1β of cells in BMX-IN-1 control group were 0.97±0.13 and 0.98±0.06, respectively, which were similar to 1.00 of blank control group (with P values above 0.05). The mRNA expressions of TNF-α and IL-1β of cells in LPS control group were 2.97±0.17 and 3.07±0.60, respectively, while those in BMX-IN-1+ LPS group were 2.31±0.94 and 2.55±0.73, respectively, with the 4 values significantly higher than those in blank control group (with P values below 0.01). The mRNA expressions of TNF-α and IL-1β of cells in BMX-IN-1+ LPS group were significantly lower than those in LPS control group (with P values below 0.05). The activity values of BMX and p38MAPK of cells in BMX-IN-1 control group were 0.95±0.19 and 0.98±0.18, respectively, which were close to 1.00±0.14 and 1.00±0.22 of blank control group (with P values above 0.05). The activity values of BMX and p38MAPK of cells in LPS control group were 1.98±0.33 and 2.05±0.34, respectively, which were significantly higher than those of blank control group (with P values below 0.01). The activity values of BMX and p38MAPK of cells in BMX-IN-1+ LPS group were 1.00±0.17 and 1.67±0.27, respectively, which were obviously lower than those of LPS control group (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Conclusions BMX can increase the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-1β from mouse mononuclear-macrophages induced by LPS, which may be associated with the activation of the p38MAPK pathway by BMX.