After the corporeal establishment has been improved greatly,the key point to win the exercitation competition is exercitation-running mechanism.This paper firstly points out the actual main questions of the traditional exercitation-running mechanism and then lays stress on the new exercitation-running mechanism focusing on item cooperation.

This paper,starting with sociology,mainly analyzes the factors which affect the college curriculum settings from such aspects as politics and ideology,economy and technology development level,educational thinking and perceptions as well as cultural tradition,which will be useful for reference on college curriculum settings.

To strongly promote the activity of reading classics among medical students, Chongqing University of Medical Sciences has made a sampling survey on the state of reading and their literature knowledge among the medical students. The survey shows that the medical students agree to the necessity and probability of reading classics, that they also show some obvious preferences for interest in reading and that there is a huge difference in hierarchy,grade and sex with regard to the grasp of literature, history, philosophy, arts and technology for medical students. The outcome of this survey will undoubtedly make a great revelation on how to carry out the activity of reading classics.

Objective To investigate infection pathogens and drug resistance of patients in the department of geriatrics ,so as to guide the rational use of antibacterial agents .Methods Retrospectively analysed data on clinical specimens of 1 563 cases of elderly patients from 2014 to 2013 .Results A total of 591 non‐repeated strains was isolated and the positive rate was 37 .8% .Strains mostly were isolated from sputum specimens (299 strains ,accounted for 50 .6% ) ,followed by urine specimens(171 strains ,accoun‐ted for 28 .9% ) ,secretion specimens(75 strains ,accounted for 12 .7% ) and blood specimens(15 strains ,accounted for 2 .5% ) .The isolated pathogenic bacteria mainly were gram‐negative bacteria(72 .60% ) ,which mostly were Pseudomonas aeruginosa .Acineto‐bacter baumannii ,Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus has relatively high resistance rates against most of antibacterial agent . A total of 54 strains of multi‐drug resistant bacteria were isolated ,which was accounted for 56 .3% .Conclusion The pathogenic bacteria in the elderly patients mainly are gram‐negative bacteria ,pathogens have high resistance rates to antimicrobial agents ,and the multi‐drug resistance is serious ,so it is necessary to use antibacterial agents rationally based on the results of drug susceptibility tests .

Objective To study the changes of ventilatory function of young soldiers coming from different regions during cold - tol-erance training. Methods The recruited young soldiers were divided into 2 groups:Group Ⅰ (50 coming from the northern region)and group Ⅱ (50 coming from the southern region) . According to the new training outline of cold -tolerance in winter,their ventilatory func-tions were tested before training and 60 days after training. Ventilatory functions were compared between smoking and non - smoking sub-jects. Results 25% forced expiratory flow (FEF25%) , 50% forced expiratory flow (FEF50%) and 75% forced expiratory flow (FEF75 %) were significant different between two groups before the course of training (P < 0.05). After 60 days, ventilatory functions of two groups were improved significantly as compared with that before training (P <0.01 ,P <0.05). There was no significant difference in ventilatory between two groups after 60 days of training (P > 0.05). There was significant difference in partial small airway function be-tween smoking and non - smoking subjects. Conclusion Cold air could decline the small airway function of soldiers coming from south-ern region before training. Cold -tolerance training has significant influence on soldiers' ventilatory function. Long- term and heavy smok-ing could decline the small airway function.

Objecfive To explore pathological mechanism and treatment of central hyponatrem-ia. Methods Synchronous assay was made to detect changes of atrial natriuretic peptide(ANP),brain natriuretic peptide(BNP),endogenous digitalis-like substance(EDLS),antideuretic hormone (ADH),Na+ concentrations in blood and urine as well as osmotic pressure of plasma and urine in 68 pa-tients with traumatic brain injury(TBI). Results Of all,there were 27 patients with hyponatremia,mostly in patients with severe or critical TBI.There found syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidi-uretic hormone(SIADH)in 7 patients and cerebral salt wasting syndrome(CSWS)in 20. Conclu-sions The central hyponatremia in patients with TBI may be related to the increased secretion of EDLS and ADH.The decrease of ANP and BNP in blood has no direct effect on Na+ concentration in blood.In-travenous injection of extrinsic thyrotropin releasing hormone(TRH)may inhibit dilutional hyponatremia resulted from increased secretion of ADH in TBI patients.

Objective:To observe the effect of ginsenoside Rd pretreatment on the expressions of N-methyl-D-aspartate(NMDA)receptor subunit NR2 B protein and endonuclease G(EndoG)in basal ganglia region after cerebral focal ischemia-reperfusion in rats and to investigate possible mechanism of ginsenoside Rd in the treatment of ischemic stroke.Methods:A rat model of middle cerebral artery occlusion(MCAO)was induced by intraluminal filament method.The expressions of NR2B and EndoG in basal ganglia region for focal cerebral iSChemia 1 hour,and 1,6,24 and 72 hours reperfusion were detected by immunohistochemical staining and image analysis method.The effects of ginsenoside Rd on the expressions of FaxioG and NR2B and the volume of cerebral infarction were evaluated.Results:The positive expression of NR2B in basal ganglia region on the ischemic side in ischemia-reperfusion group was increased significantly.The expression of EndoG in the nucleus was notable;the positive expressions of NR2B and EndoG at different reperfusion time points in ginsenoside Rd pretreatment group were decreased significantly(P<0.05 or P<0.01),and the volume of cerebral infarction was reduced significantly(P<0.01).Conclusions:The expressions of NMDA receptor subunit NR2B protein and apoptosis-inducing factor EndoG were increased significantly after cerebral focal ischemia reperfusion;ginsenoside Rd pretreatment may significantly reduce the expressions of NR2B and EndoG.It reduces the volume of cerebral infarction by inhibiting excitatory neurotoxicity and blocking neuronal apoptosis,and thus plays a role in neuroprotection.

Objective To investigate the influence of family support and personality characteristics on quality of patients' life who underwent total laryngectomy. Methods Patients (68 eases)who underwent total laryngectomy were surveyed with Su life of quality scale,Hu family support scale, Gong personality test and the results were sent for statistical analysis. Results Scores of two family groups in family support and quality of life underwent t test, physical function and psychological state were statistically different (P<0.05), living ability,social relations, tracheal stoma were statistically different(P<0.01). Persona lity and quality of life were subjected to single-factor analysis, psychological states were obviously related with four dimensions.Family support and personality characteristics score of two family groups underwent t test, E(internal and external quality),P(spiritual quality),N(nerval quality)were statistically significant (P <0.01 ). Condusions Family support and personality characteristics as the internal and external environmental factors directly affected patients who underwent total laryngectomy. Three-openfour-guiding-five-integrated-care-intervention measures can overall improve their quality of life.

Aim To study the oxygen free radical scavenging activities and antilipid peroxidation of nicotinic acid. Methods High lipid models of quail were induced by high fat diet. Five groups were divided, namely control group, high lipid group, NA group(150 mg?kg-1 and 75 mg?kg-1), and Vit E group (100 mg?kg-1). The contents of TC,TG,MDA and activities of SOD were examined for 3 times in the plasma and liver after administering NA for 9 weeks. Results The results showed the increase of TC,TG and MDA contents and decrease of SOD activities in high lipid groups by 3 weeks high fat diet. After administering NA for 3 weeks, NA reduced TC,TG and MDA contents and increased SOD activities, revealing the relationship to dose-dependence. Conclusion NA is most likely to possess the capabilities of anti-oxygen free radicals and anti-lipoperoxidation to hyperlipodemia quail.

Objective To study the function of the toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4) signaling pathway in the synthesis and secretion of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells of rats with COPD. Methods The primary pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) of rats with COPD were digested, separated and purified. Then they were randomly divided into control group, LPS group, TLR4 inhibitor group (TAK242) and LPS + TLR4 inhibitor group. RT-PCR, Western blot were used to detect the expression level of TLR-4 and NF-κB among groups. The levels of IFN-γ and PDGF-AB in supernatant with PASMCs in each group were detected by ELISA. Results LPS increased the expression of TLR-4、 NF-κB and the levels of IFN-γ and PDGF-AB. The expression of TLR4, NF-κB and the levels of IFN-γ and PDGF-AB were significantly reduced after inhibiting the expression of TLR4(P < 0.05). Conclusion TLR-4 signaling pathway involved in the inflammatory response and pulmonary vascular remodeling which increased the synthesis and secretion of IFN-γ and PDGF-AB in PASMCs. It provides a theoretical approach for the early intervention of clinical with COPD.