The NOD protein family include NOD1 and NOD2,both of which recognize intracellular bacterial peptidoglycan,induce inflammation and promote host defense.In this review article,we summarize the research progress on NOD family,including signaling and regulation.We will also discuss their cellular localization and the role in host defense.Understanding on their physiological function will help shed light on pathogenesis on related diseases.

Objective To establish a TaqMan probe-based real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR ( real-time PCR) for the quantitative and rapid detection of viral reservoir in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) isolated from rhesus monkeys with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection and to evaluate its preliminary application. Methods A pair of primers and one TaqMan probe were designed ac-cording to the conserved sequence of SIVmac239 strain for real-time PCR amplification. A length of 2 090 bp of nucleotide fragment was digested from the plasmid p239SpSp5 containing 5′-end long segments of SIV-mac239 strain by restriction enzymes EcoRⅠand SpeⅠ. The standards used for quantitative detection of SIV DNA in peripheral blood samples were prepared by a 10-fold serial dilution and used for graphing the stand-ard curve. The numbers of SIV DNA ( copies per 106 PBMCs) in rhesus monkeys during acute and chronic phases of SIVmac239 infection were determined and the virological characteristics of SIV DNA at different phages of infection were analyzed. Results A linear positive correlation between cycle threshold ( Ct) val-ues and concentrations (10 copies/μl to 109 copies/μl) of the standards was found. High levels of SIV DNA were monitored in SIV-infected monkeys 14 to 22 days after acute infection. The levels of SIV DNA in the acute phase of infection were about 1 to 2 logs higher than those in the chronic phase of infection. The num-bers of SIV DNA ( copies per 106 PBMCs) were 1 log lower than the SIV viral load in peripheral blood of the same monkey. The ratios of SIV DNA load to SIV RNA load ( DNA/RNA) in chronic phase of infection were higher than those in the acute phase. Conclusion The established TaqMan probe-based real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR was a highly sensitive and specific assay for the detection of SIV DNA with an advantage of wide linear range. It could be used for the quantitative evaluation of latent reservoirs of SIV.

The effect of PubMed on the development of biomedical journals and the role of its Linkout function in extending the effect of journals were analyzed , followed by a description of the technologies and methods for the full-text seamless link of journal Websites and PubMed using its Linkout function with Biomedical and Environmental Sciences as an example .

Objective:To study the effects of penetration enhancers and their combinations on the transdermal delivery of fluoxetine hydrochloride and to discuss the feasibility of transdermal administration of drugs.Methods:The penetration rate of fluoxetine hydrochloride through rat skin in vitro was measured using Valia-Chien diffusion cells and high pressure liquid chromatography was used for analysis.Results:Penetration enhancers,such as Azone,N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone(NMP),oleic acid,and their combinations all had peneration enhancing effect except for propylene glycol(PG).Azone combined with PG or NMP had the most potent enhancing effect.Conclusion:Satisfactory penetration of fluoxetine hydrochloride through rat skin can be obtained by correct combination of enhancers.

Objective: To prepare sustained-release polylactic acid microspheres containing bupivacaine (BUP-PLA-MS) and to measure its dissolution in vitro. Methods: BUP-PLA-MS was prepared with polylactic acid (PLA) as carriers using the water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) emulsion solvent evaporation method. The powder particle characteristics of BUP-PLA-MS were evaluated comprehensively, and its dissolution characteristics in vitro were studied. Results: It was indicated that bupivacaine formed molecular dispersion within PLA matrix by differential thermal analysis(DTA). The in vitro release behavior of bupivacaine could be best described by Higuchi equation, with t 1/2 =22.76 h. Conclusion: Release of bupivacaine from microspheres is sustained in vitro.

Objective:To prepare ginsenoside Rg3-loaded chitosan microspheres for intranasal administration.Methods:The chitosan microspheres were prepared by the O/W/O combined with multiple emulsification chemical crosslink technique.Quadratic polynomial equation and linear regression equation were fitted by the statistic software,and the resulting equations were used to produce response surface graphs.The best experiment conditions were screened by central composite design(CCD)using drug load,encapsulation efficiency,and the proportions of microspheres(with diameter of 40-60 ?m)as variables.The shape of microspheres was observed by scanning electron microscope.Results:The best ranges of the prescription included:drug to carrier material ratio:0.4-0.5;organic phase and water phase ratio:0.4-0.6;and first emulsion and oil phase ratio:0.13-0.17.The 3 batches of microspheres prepared according to the above condition were well-shaped(full sphere),with the mean drug loading capacity being(10.25?0.08)% and the encapsulation efficiency being(30.61?1.46)%.Conclusion:The optimized technique has a good reproducibility and can be used for preparation of Rg3-loaded chitosan microspheres for intranasal administration.

Objective To understand the abnormal status of alanine aminotransferase (ALT),fasting blood glucose (GLU),to-tal cholesterol (TC)and triglyceride (TG)in urban and rural residents,to provide the basis for making the effective prevention measures,health education and health promotion to community work more targeted and effective.Methods The data of physical ex-amination results of 4 042 residents were analyzed retrospectively,the levels and abnormal rates of ALT,TG,TC,GLU were com-pared between different gender and age.Results Among 4 042 residents,the abnormal rate of male was significant higher than that of female,but the abnormal rates of TG,TC of female were significant higher than those of male(P <0.05).The highest rates of ALT,TG,TC,GLU in male were in 20-<40 years old,40-<60 years old,60-<80 years old,≥80 years old.The highest rates of ALT,TG,TC,GLU in female were in 0-<20 years old,60 -<80 years old,≥ 80 years old,≥80years old.Conclusion The health status of urban and rural residents is not optimistic,the community intervention,health guidance should be strengthened to prevent and control the occurrence and development of diseases and improve the health level of urban and rural residents.

In this study, we prepared various matrices of hydrogel patches and studied their cross-linking mechanism by observing their rheological properties, which could provide theoretical basis and deep technical support for further industrial development of hydrogel patch. Rheology method was used to do the amplitude scanning and single-frequency scanning for various hydrogel matrix, under the condition of oscillation mode of the rheometer. Then the linear viscoelastic region, composite modulus value, as well as changes in slope with time of the composite modulus and phase angle of various hydrogel matrix were analyzed in detail. The results showed that the stability of matrix was mainly determined by hydrogel frame; only in acidic environment, the cross-linking reaction between cross-linker and hydrogel frame can occur; elasticity of matrix can be decreased by organic acid and the effect level was related to the ratio of the number of carboxyl and hydroxyl (-COO(-)/-OH) in adjusters: if the ratio was not equal, the higher -COO(-)/-OH in adjusters would be the less elasticity of matrix decreased; the cross-linking speed of matrix was determined by adjuster, the cross-linking speed of matrix contain different adjusters was ranged in following order: matrix containing tartaric acid > matrix containing lactic acid > matrix containing malic acid > matrix containing citric acid; the cross-linking speed of matrix was not uniform in the whole cross-linking process.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the antibiotic effects of polymyxin B combined with meropenem against 110 strains of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii.METHODS The protocol was designed by checkerboard method and the MICs of polymyxin B combined with meropenem against the 110 strains of A.baumannii were determined by broth dilution method,the FIC index was calculated according to MIC results.RESULTS The percentage of the FIC indexes less than 0.5,from 0.5 to 1,from 1 to 2 and more than 2 were 98%,2%,0% and 0%,respectively.CONCLUSIONS When polymyxin B combined with meropenem against 110 strains of A.baumannii the synergism and additivity are the main,there are no autonomy and antagonism.

Objective To understand the current situation of pediatric nurses' perceived stress,coping style and professional burnout,analyze the influence of pediatric nurses' perceived stress and coping styles on professional burnout,and to provide references for reducing pediatric nurses' professional burnout.Methods A questionnaire survey was conducted on 415 pediatric nurses from 9 tertiary level A hospitals in Tianjin using general information questionnaires,Chinese Perceived Stress Scale(CPSS),Simplified Coping Style Questionnaire (SCSQ),and Maslach Burnout Inventory(MBI).Results Pediatric nurses'MBI scores were divided into emotional exhaustion score (25.19 ± 9.98) points,depersonalization total score (10.70 ± 4.65) points,personal achievement sense (29.72 ± 9.62) points,and higher degree of burnout.Correlation analysis showed that the perceived stress was positively correlated with emotional exhaustion and depersonalization dimensions,and negatively correlated with the dimension of personal accomplishment (r =0.398,0.236,-0.388,P ＜0.01);positive coping dimensions were negatively correlated with emotional exhaustion and depersonalization dimensions,and positively correlated with the dimension of personal accomplishment(r =-0.544,-0.205,0.608,P＜0.01);negative coping dimensions and emotional depletion and depersonalization dimensions were positively correlated,and negatively correlated with individual achievement dimension (r =0.559,0.298,-0.652,P ＜0.01).Multiple stepwise regression analysis showed that perceived stress and negative coping style had influence on emotional exhaustion,depersonalization,and individual achievement dimension.Positive coping style had influence on emotional exhaustion and personal achievement dimension (R2=0.105-0.501,P＜0.01).Conclusions Pediatric nurses have higher professional burnout.Perceived stress and coping styles have an impact on professional burnout.Pediatric nurses should take more active measures to relieve perceived stress and reduce burnout.