Hypopharyngeal cancer is not common and its prognosis is among the worst in head and neck cancer.Radiation therapy is an important choice of treatment,including radiotherapy alone,radiotherapy combined with surgery and radiotherapy combined with chemotherapy.The improvement of radiation therapy improves the prognosis of hypopharyngeal cancer patients,and radiotherapy combined with surgery is the standard treatment for hypopharyngeal cancer.Nowadays,in order to enhance the preserving rates of the organ and faction,radiotherapy combined with chemotherapy is becoming a research hotspot.

Brain metastases is a common cause of advanced tumors teeatment failure,and radiotherapy is one of the main treatment modalities.With the development of radiotherapy techniques,the survival and quality of life of patients with brain metastases have been significantly improved.Whole brain radiotherapy,stereotactic radiotherapy as well as the combination are the main treatment options,but the best fraction size,the most optional time and suitable patients need to be further investigated.Novel radiotherapy techniques such as simultaneous integrated boost have been a research hotspot.

Tumor motion can reduce the dose to the target volume while give unnecessary irradiation to the surrounding normal tissues and is an important factor to influence the precision radiotherapy. Many resear-ches find tumor motion exist in the radiotherapy for many tumors in thoracic and abdominal. Its main reason is respiration movement. Nowadays, there are some measurements to control it. The precision of radiotherapy can got further improved through the appropriate control to minimize the disadvantages influence of tumor motion in the precision radiotherapy.

A considerable proportion of patients with non small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) require postoperative adjuvant therapy,postoperative radiotherapy is an important part of the treatment,this article review the role and value of postoperative radiotherapy for NSCLC patients in recent years.

Stage Ⅲ A non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has high heterogeneity and there are some controversies over the treatment of this disease,especially for patients with stage ⅢA-N2 NSCLC.This article investigates whether preoperative or postoperative radiotherapy can improve the survival of patients with stage ⅢA-N2 NSCLC and evaluates the effect of surgical treatment.

From October 1969 through December 1981, 3483 esoghageal carcinomas without superficial lymphatic metastasis were treated by 60 Co in our hospital. The radiation dose was over 50Gy and follow-up was over ten years. Results: No significant difference of survival rates was found in various cancer locations in the esophagus combined with the data between our hospital and Xingtai Tumor Hospital, the 5-year survival rates for lower third esophageal cancer were 20.7%～36.4% in surgery group and only 4.3% in radiation group. The 5-year survival rates were also significantly diffrent between radiation group(34.7%) and surgery group (64.9%) for cancer length of

Radiotherapy is an importment local treatment for non-small cell tung cancer. In recent years,with the development of molecular biology and radiotherapy technique and the update of equipment,radiation pattern with different doses segmentation and the concept of the combined therapy including radiotherapy and chemotherapy have been applied in clinic gradually,which get better effects.

Objective To investigate ultrasonographic features,clinical and histopathologic characteristics of hydrometra in the elderly women.Methods Hysteroscopy endometrial biopsy,dilation and curettage (D&C) and Tao Brush were selectively performed for the endometrial cytologic and histopathologic diagnosis according to the depth of the hydrometra investigated by transvaginal sonography,endometrial thickness and high-risk factors of carcinoma of endometrium in 72 elderly women with hydrometra.Results Among 72 elderly women with hydrometra,9 cases (12.5％) were examined by hysteroscopy,51 cases (70.8％) by D&C and 12 cases (16.7％) by endometrial cytology along with D&C.Histopathologic examination revealed that there were 7 (9.72％) cases with endometrial carcinoma,2 cases (2.8％) with atypical endometrial hyperplasia,6 cases (5.6％) with endometrial benign lesion,14 cases(19.4％)with pyometra and the other 43 cases (59.7％) with normal and simple hydrometra.Conclusions Transvaginal sonography in combination with endometrial cytology are beneficial for screening of endometrial disorders or for drainage of hydrometra in elderly women,decreasing invasive examinations such as D&C.

Objective To study the apoptosis-inducing effect of recombinant adeno-associated virus serotype 8 with soluble TRAIL gene on human colon cancer cell line HCT116. Method Recombinant adeno-associated virus serotype 8 with TRAIL gene was generated by triple plasmid transfection of HEK293 cells with phosphate calcium precipitation. After infected by recombinant virus, cell growth assay was carried out by counting alive cells after trypan blue exclusion. Alternations of cell morphology was examined by microscopy. Cell apoptosis was detected by DNA laddering. The protein expressions of apoptosis-3 and apoptosis-8 were detected by Western blotting. Result The growth rate of the AAV8-sTRAIL infected HCT116 cells was significantly inhibited. Recombinant virus induced apoptosis in colon tumor cells by triggering caspase cascade, but not in normal human hepatocytes. Conclusion AAV8-sTRAIL efficiently suppresses the growth of human colon cancer cell line HCT116 by inducing apoptosis, with no evident toxicity to normal cell.

Objective To explore radiation-induced esophagitis and its related factors in the patients with local advanced non-small cell lung cancer ( NSCLC ) which were treated with three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy (3D-CRT). Methods From January 2001 to December 2008, 203 patients who suffered from stageⅢNSCLC were achieved, including 163 males and 40 females, with a median age of 63 years old, while 79 cases were in stageⅢa and 124 in stageⅢb . The equivalent median dose of tumor was 62 Gy( range of 50-78 Gy) . Among them, 74 cases were administered with radiotherapy alone, 45 with sequential radiotherapy and chemotherapy, 87 cases with concurrent radiochemotherapy. Radiation esophagitis was evaluated with RTOG standard. The dosimetric parameters was estimated from dose volume histogrma ( DVH ) . The clinical and dosimetric parameters of radiation esophagitis were evaluated by spearman correlatived univariate and Logistic multivariable analysis. Results After radiotherapy, out of 203 patients, 87 had acute radiation esophagitis(RE), 47 in grade 1, 37 in grade 2, and 3 in grade 3 RE. According to spearman correlatived analysis, the correlatived factors included ages, chemotherapy, GTV, PTV, the mean doses of PTV and lung, the max and mean dose of esophagus, V40 , V45 ,V50 ,V55 ,V60 , length of esophagus( total circumference) treated with 45 Gy ( LETT45 ) , and LETT50 ( r=-0. 162-0. 235,P<0. 05). All the 14 factors had good correlation with RE in univariate analysis. But for other factors,such as gender, site of tumor, smoking, T, N, clinical stage, equivalent dose of tumor, style of radiation, the mean dose of GTV, LETT55 and LETT60 , there were not correlation with ≥grade 2 RE with univariate analysis(r= -0. 106-0. 122, P>0. 05). There were 21 factors, such as gender, age, smoking, clinical stage, site of tumor, chemotherapy, GTV, PTV, mean dose of PTV and lung, max and mean dose of esophagus, V40 -V60 of esophagus, LETT45-60 , incorporated into multivariable analysis, only chemotherapy and V45 of esophagus were independent predicted factors(Wald=4. 626, 9?882, P<0. 05). Conclusions In local advanced NSCLC after 3D-CRT, chemotherapy ( especially concurrent radiochemotherapy) could increase radiation-induced esophagitis. The parameter of DVH could also be used to predict radiation-induced esophagitis, V45 of esophagus may be the most valuable predictor.