ObjectiveTo investigate the effects of epigallocatechin-3-gallate （EGCG） on learning and memory abilities of amygdala electrical kindling-induced epilepsy in rats and its mechanism. MethodMale SD rats were randomly divided into the normal group， model group， intervention group （model+25 mg·kg^-1 EGCG）， and EGCG group （25 mg·kg^-1 EGCG）. Rats in the EGCG group were only given EGCG intraperitoneal injection， those in the normal group were only given electrode implantation， and those in the other experimental groups were given amygdala electrical kindling stimulation to establish a chronic kindling epilepsy model. EGCG was injected intraperitoneally daily before electrical stimulation. Twenty-four hours after the last electrical stimulation， the escape latency and percentage of target quadrant were recorded by the Morris water maze. Twenty-four hours after the behavioral test， rats in each group were sacrificed by decapitation. The number of hippocampal neurons was observed by Nissl staining. The thickness of postsynaptic density in the hippocampus， synaptic cleft， length of active zone and the curvature of synaptic interface were observed by transmission electron microscopy （TEM）. The expressions of synapse-related proteins synaptotagmin （Syt）， postsynaptic density-95 （PSD-95） and Kalirin-7 in the hippocampus were examined by Western blot. ResultCompared with those in the normal group， the escape latency was significantly prolonged （P<0.05， P<0.01） and the target quadrant ratio was significantly decreased in the model group （P<0.05）. The number of hippocampus neurons decreased significantly （P<0.01）. The synaptic cleft of the hippocampus was widened significantly， and the length of active zone and the thickness of postsynaptic density were significantly decreased （P<0.05， P<0.01）. The expressions of synapse-related proteins Syt， PSD-95 and Kalirin-7 in the hippocampus were significantly decreased （P<0.05，P<0.01）. Compared with those in the model group， the escape latency was significantly shortened and the percentage of target quadrant was significantly increased in the intervention group （P<0.05， P<0，01）. The number of hippocampal neurons significantly increased （P<0.01）. The synaptic cleft of the hippocampus was significantly shortened， and the length of active zone and postsynaptic density were significantly increased （P<0.05， P<0.01）. The expressions of synaptic related proteins Syt， PSD-95 and Kalirin-7 were significantly increased （P<0.05， P<0.01）. ConclusionEGCG can effectively improve cognitive dysfunction after epilepsy. Its protective effect may be achieved by protecting the ultrastructure of hippocampal synapses and regulating the expressions of synapse-related proteins Syt， PSD-95 and Kalirin-7.

Objective:To investigate the availability, prices and affordability of essential medicines in pediatric population across China, in the hope of improving rational use of medicines.Methods:A multicenter cross-sectional survey of medicine prices, availability and affordability was conducted in 17 provinces, municipalities and autonomous region across east, south-central part, west and north of China. Data on 42 medicines used in pediatric population, both original and generic, were collected in 55 public hospitals from May 26 to June 2, 2017. Availability was expressed as the percentage of hospitals with stock of the target medicine on the day of data collection,and median price ratio (MPR) was the ratio of price upon investigation to international reference. Based on national minimum daily wage, affordability represents the number of working days needed to earn the expense which covers a standard course using the target medicine. Statistical software SPSS 13.0 was applied for descriptive analysis of availability, MPR and affordability.Results:Mean Availability of original and generic medicine was 33% and 32%, with median MPR being 5.43 and 1.55. Among the 19 medicines with price information for both original and generic product, the median MPR was 7.73 and 2.04 respectively. Regarding the five medicines used to treat four common pediatric diseases (pneumonia,peptic ulcer, congenital hypothyroidism, refractory nephrotic syndrome), the affordability was 0.63 (0.16-6.17) d for generic medicine, and 1.03 (0.16-11.53) d for its original counterpart.Conclusions:The availability to both original and generic products of the 42 medicines used in pediatric population was low in China. The prices of generic medicines seem to be lower and affordability higher than those of original medicines. There is an urgent need to improve the availability and affordability of pediatric medicines.

Objective:To evaluate the protective efficacy and safety of Brucella 104M against aerosol challenge in BALB/c mice and characterize its immunological effects. Methods:Female mice of 6-8 weeks old were immunized with Brucella abortus strain 104M by intratracheal aerosol delivery or intranasal instillation or subcutaneous injection route. Six mice of each group were sacrificed at 4, 8, 16, 24 weeks after immunization. At each time point, the clinical manifestations of mice were investigated, the serum, spleen and lung samples of mice were collected, body weight, spleen weight, bacteria loads in spleens, the anti- Brucella antibodies titers in serum and the cytokines concentrations of IFN-γ, IL-18 in serum or lung homogenate of the mice were detected. Twenty two weeks after immunization, all the mice were challenged with Brucella A19 through intratracheal aerosol delivery. Results:Compared with the control group, neither abnormal clinical symptoms nor significant changes in body weight were found in 104M immunization groups, at each time point when immunized through either nose dropping route, subcutaneous injection or aerosol routes; and the spleen weight of immunization groups were lower than control group after challenge ( P<0.05): *M1 (0.26±0.16)g

We constructed prokaryotic recombinant expression vector of P61 gene from Nocardia brasiliensis,expressing P61 protein with biological activity in E.coli,and lay a foundation for further studies related to P61.P61 gene was synthesized and cloned into an expression vector pET-30a(+).The recombinant vector was transformed into Escherichia coli BL21 and induced with IPTG.The production was analyzed with Western blot and the catalase activity of P61 was tested with Catalase Assay Kit.The protein of P61was successfully expressed in E.coli with solubility and high catalase activity,and could be identified by anti-N.brasiliensis sera from mice.The prokaryotic expression plasmid of protein P61 was constructed successfully and can be expressed efficiently in E.coli BL21 cells with higher catalase.

Objective To develop a one-step PCR assay for rapid discrimination of six Brucella species and some intraspecific biovars.Methods Using 6 pairs of primers in one-step PCR to differentiate six classical Brucella species and some biovar in ordinary PCR instrument.The tested strains including 27 reference strains of six Brucella species and 239 Brucella strains were estimated by the PCR assay and biological identification methods.Results The six Brucella species could be precisely differentiated by the onestep PCR assay from the tested strains.Five biovars and vaccine strain of B.suis species could be determined,and biovars 1,3,4 and biovars 2,5,6,7,9 of B.abortus species could be identified at the level of their biovar,moreover,biovars 1,2 and 3,and vaccine strain Rev 1 of B.melitensis species were also discriminated at the biovar and strain level.The accurate rates of the biological identification method and the PCR assay were 98.33％ and 100％ respectively.Conclusion One-step PCR assay was a rapid,specific,and low cost method for identification of Brucella species and discriminating biovars in ordinary PCR instrument.

Objective To evaluate the effect of transcatheter arterial chemoembolization(TACE)together with portal vein chemoembolization(PVCE)for the treatment of advanced liver carcinomas.Methods Forty-eight patients with liver carcinoma were randomly divided into two groups.Patients in study group(n=22)were treated with TACE together with PVCE,and patients in control group(n=26)were treated with TACE alone.Results Based on the postoperative CT findings and AFP levels,the effective rate of the study group was markedly higher than that of control group and the difference between two groups was statistically significant(P＜0.05).The volume of un-embolized liver tissue in the patients of study group was obviously increased after treatment. Conclusion TACE together with PVCE is superior to TACE alone in treating advanced hepatic carcinomas.The combination of TACE and PVCE can effectively increase the successful rate of surgical resection for the advanced hepatic carcinomas.

Objective To discuss the clinical application of feeding-artery embolization in treating massive hemoptysis.Methods The feeding-artery angiography was performed in 72 patients with massive hemoptysis.Based on the angiographic findings polyvinyl alcohol(PVA)or spring coil were selected as the embolization materials.The therapeutic results were retrospectively analyzed. Results Hemoptysis was completely controned almost immediately after the embolization procedure in 46 cases,while it was obviously alleviated in 13 cases.In 11 cases the hemoptysis disappeared completely after 2-4 times of embolization treatment,and in 2 cases surgery had to be employed.Conclusion Embolization of feeding-artery with PVA particles or spring coils is an effective and safe treatment for massive hemoptysis.The key point for decreasing reoccurrence is to occlude all feeding.arteries as far as possible.

Objective To find time pint of the irreversible kidney injuru by observing renal pathological appearance and podocytes phenotype after complete ureteral obstruction.Methods The animal model of complete unilateral uretersal obstruction was consructed in 2-weekold and 2-month-old rats respectively.HE staining was employed to evaluate the degree of pathological changes,and immunofluorescence double staining to observe the transitional progression of podocyte.Results Grossly,there appeared pyelectasis at 2 h after obstruction and thinner renal cortex after 3 days of obstruction.Histologically,proximal tube display dilated and hydropic degeneration of tubular epithelial cells was observed after 12-day obstruction.The tubular epithelium showed distorted swelling after 3-day obstruction.Immunofluorescence double staining showed that podocytes decreased and the double-labeled macrophages was increased during 1 d to 2 d after unilateral ureteral obstruction operation.Conclusion Compared with control groups,the unilateral ureteral obstruction groups shows podocyte-to-macrophage transition at 1 d after the operation, while the pelvis shows obviously dilated.From the 1st day to the 7th day after unilateral ureteral obstruction,it shows increasing tendency of the podocytes transition.

Objective To analyze the correlation factors affecting DSA picture quality and to investigate the DSA value and effectiveness in hepatic arteriography. Methods 36 cases with liver tumor were analyzed through femoral artery intubatton with Seldinger and had hepatic arteriography with RH catheter. Results In the 192 images of 36 cases,the percentage of first-rate image was 92.7%,the second-rate image (9/192) was 5.3%,the third-rate image (5/192) was 2%. Conclusion All of the second-rate images and the third-rate images which were handled with selective image postprocessing can improve picture quality and can reach diagnosis request.

Objective:To analyze the delay in the publication of medical postgraduates' research papers and provide them with a guidance for the management of academic articles.Methods:A total of 293 articles were chosen from the Journal of Medical Postgraduates published from 2005 to 2006,of which,229 were original articles and 45 were reviews,including 184 funded and 109 non-funded research papers,and their delay in publication in different periods was statistically analyzed by SPSS13.0 software.Results:The total delay in the publication of the articles was(234.7 ? 116.9) d,including(57.0?36.8) d in manuscript examination,(109.4 ? 96.4) d in editing and(61.8 ? 52.4) d in suspension.The original articles were less delayed than the reviews,(224.2 ? 7.4) d vs(272.8 ? 19.3) d,P