This study aims to learn drug resistance situation of four first-line anti TB drugs among 251 Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from Qinghai and to explore their relationships with genotypes by Spoligotyping,so as to provide basis for effective prevention of tuberculosis.Isolates of 251 M.tuberculosis were tested susceptibilities of four first-line drugs including isoniazid (INH),rifampicin (RFP),streptomycin(SM) and ethambutol (EMB) by using conventional proportion method and genotyped by Spoligotyping.Relationship between drug resistance and genotypes was analyzed statistically.Results showed the total drug resistance rate was 56.2％ (141/251) among 251 M.tuberculosis isolates.Resistance rates of four first-line drugs were 43.0％ (108/251) for INH,37.1％ (93/251) for RFP,39.0％ (98/251) for SM,27.9％ (70/251) for EMB respectively.Rate of multidrug-resistant TB (MDR TB) was 31.5％ (79/251).All 251 isolates of M.tuberculosis were typed by spoligotyping.The 185 (73.7 ％) were Beijing genotypes and 66 (26.3.％) were non-Beijing genotypes,and no statistical association was found with drug resistance.This paper concludes that isolates of M.tuberculosis prevail in Qinghai have both high rates of drug resistance and MDR and dominant isolates are Beijing genotypes by spoligotyping.

Objective: To observe the effects of leucine on insulin resistance，serum bile acid levels，and expression of genes related to bile acid metabolism，and to reveal the mechanism of leucine intervention on glucose and lipid metabolism in insulin resistant rats. Methods: Twenty-four male Sprague-Dawley rats aged 6 weeks were randomly divided into three groups and fed on normal diet，high fat diet，and high fat diet supplemented with 1.5% leucine respectively. At the end of 32 weeks，glucose tolerance test（GTT）and insulin tolerance test（ITT）were performed，and the area under the curve of glucose（AUC）was calculated.Then the rats were sacrificed，the serum and tissues samples were collected.Serum insulin and glucose levels were measured，insulin resistance index（HOMA-IR）calculated，and insulin sensitivity evaluated.The levels of total cholesterol（TC）and triglycerides（TG）in the serum and liver were detected.The expressions of bile acid synthesis related genes liver X recepter（LXRα），farnesoid X receptor（FXR），cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase（CYP7A1）and cholesterol 27-hydroxylase（CYP27A1）mRNA in the liver were determined by real-time reverse transcription PCR（RT-PCR），and the levels of 17 bile acids in the serum by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry（UPLC-MS/MS）. Results: Leucine intervention were determined significantly reduced serum TC，TG and liver TG levels and improved lipid metabolism in rats on high fat diet. Leucine had no significant effect on glucose and insulin levels，but could effectively reduce the HOMA-IR and AUC of glucose tolerance test and decrease insulin resistance. Leucine significantly increased serum bile acid levels and LXRα，FXR，CYP27A1 mRNA levels but had no effect on CYP7A1 mRNA expression Conclusion Leucine intervention significantly increased bile acid synthesis in insulin resistant rats，thereby reducing the accumulation of serum lipids，improving glucose and lipid metabolism and insulin sensitivity.