Objective To study the reliability and validity of the Chinese version of AKT(the Apnea Knowledge Test).Methods The AKT was tested in a sample of 91 middle aged and elderly patients with obstructive sleep apnea and hypopnea syndrome and the AKT was retested in 30 of them after 1 month.Results Cronbach's alpha reliability coefficient was 0.76.Retest correlation coefficient was 0.96.There was significant difference between test and retest.Item analysis indicated that there was significant difference in most items between higher scores group and lower one except the fourth item.Conclusions AKT has satisfying reliability and validity which is suitable for evaluation of sleep apnea knowledge.

Pharmacognostic studies on the sollrce, shape, morphology, microscopic structrue and physico-chemical properties of the genitalia of mink were carried out in comparison with those of deer,donkey and dog with similar pharmacologic actions. Results showed that the genitalia of mink has its specific features in shape,mi croscopic structure and physico-chemical properties which can be used as the main characteristics to distin guish it from those of other animals. Chemical analysis showed that the genitalia of mink was rich in aminoacids and its zinc,manganese and calcium contents exceeded those present in the genitalia of other ani mals

Objective To evaluate the relationship between cavitas pelvis fluidify and infertility.Methods The clinical data of 129 infertility patients which ultrasound hint cavitas pelvis fluidify but hysterosalpingography hint both fallopian tubes to be unobstructed were analyzed retrospectively. The patients were divided into two groups, after 3 months cure with traditional Chinese medicine, the cavitas pelvis fluidify of 86 cases were obsolescent as group Ⅰ , the cavitas pelvis fluidify of 43 cases were no obsolescent as group Ⅱ. Compared their pregnancy rates. Results The pregnancy rate of group Ⅰ was 30.23%(26/86),group Ⅱ was 6.98%(3/43 ), there was significant deviation between the two groups (P < 0.05 ). Eighty-seven patients who were no pregnant were diagnosed laparoscopy, there were 55 cases with endometriosis (EMS), 25 cases with cavitas pelvis accretion, 1 case with tuberculosis of peritoneum, 6 cases with carmoisine cavitas pelvis fluidify without other abnormal. Thirty-one of these patients were pregnant through in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer. Conclusion Cavitas pelvis fluidify is very important in clinic, search for the cause of a disease and cure actively is needed, so that they can cure utility.

Objective:To investigate the localization and identification value of high frequency ultrasound in displaying connection nerves of SNT, and to improve the accuracy of ultrasound diagnosis.Methods: Retrospective analysis the results of high frequency ultrasound to 49 cases proved by pathology annually patients (54 tumors, 54 connection nerves), and compared with the results of pathological diagnosis, evaluating the accuracy of high frequency ultrasound in displaying connection nerves. Results: The longitudinal section appearance of tumor connection nerve showed hypoechoic band and parallel fine belt-like structure surrounded by hyperechoic lines, it was enlarged gradually and became triangular close to the tumor. To the distribution of sex, age and course of the disease, the rates of high frequency ultrasound in displaying connection nerves were no significant difference (x2=0.083,x2=0.454,x2=1.277;P>0.05). The rate of high frequency ultrasound in displaying connection nerves of SNT was 94.4%, compared with the results of pathological diagnosis, the distribution ratio and the rate of high frequency ultrasound in displaying connection nerves showed no significant difference(x2=0.015,P>0.05).Conclusion: When using high frequency ultrasound observed connection nerves of SNT, there were obvious image characteristics, and the rate of high frequency ultrasound in displaying connection nerves of SNT was high, it would be a better value to diagnostic SNT.

Objective The aim of this study was to describe nursing student-patient relationship in Yunnan province,and study its influencing factors and practice effectiveness.Methods The multi-phase stratified cluster random sampling method was adopted to investigate 483 internship nursing students in two first class hospitals in Yunnan province.Results Among 483 nursing students,379 (78.5％) students belonged to facilitative relationship,101 (20.9％) students belonged to authoritative relationship,and 3 (0.6％) students belonged to mechanistic relationship.Sociodemographic data and factors related to three type of relationship showed no statistical significance among three types of nursing students.But student's personal and professional growth,student's increased confidence and self-esteem demonstrated statistical significance among three types of nursing students.In student's personal and professional growth,students of authoritative relationship got the lowest score (3.96±0.78) compared with students of mechanistic relationship and facilitative relationship [(4.17±0.29),(4.17±0.54)],F=4.82,P ＜ 0.01.In student's increased confidence and self-esteem,no significant difference was seen.Conclusions Nursing students' perceptions of student-patient relationship are mostly facilitative.And students' personal and professional growth and confidence and self-esteem increased obviously through internship for students with facilitative student-patient relationship.

OBJECTIVE:To study the effects of common percutaneous enhancers on transdermal permeability of cetirizine hy-drochloride(CET). METHODS:Using pH 7.4 phosphate buffer as receiving solution,accumulative permeation rate as index,mod-ified Franz diffusion cell was used to investigate the effects of common percutaneous enhancers on transdermal permeability of CET in skin of abdomen isolated from mice,such as azone (0.06%-2.5%),oleic acid (0.5%-10%),1,3-propanediol (0.5%-10%),propanetriol(0.5%-5%). RESULTS:1,3- propanediol had no improvement effect on the permeability of CET. 24 h accu-mulative permeation amount of CET in 0.06% azone,0.5% oleic acid and 1% propanetriol were the highest among same types, being 227.94,85.25 and 215.15 μg/cm2,respectively. CONCLUSIONS:Of four percutaneous enhancers,the transdermal enhanc-ing efficiencies from high to low are azone>glycerol>oleic acid>1,3-propanediol. Azone and glycerol have the conspicuous pene-tration enhancing effects.

Objective To observe the relationship between degree of venous injury and the indwelling time by injection of chemotherapy drugs with intravenous catheter system. Methods Totally 43 New Zealand rabbits were selected as the study sample. Among them, three rabbits were chosen by lot as a blank control, the others were evenly divided into two groups randomly. The veins at the edges of the two ears were taken out as the tested blood vessels for the infusion with intravenous catheter system. The two groups were injected respectively with physiological saline and chemotherapy drugs once daily, and then blocked with heparin salt water. After intraperitoneal anaesthesia, pathological sections were prepared by taking live samples from the ear vein where intravenous catheter system puncturing on the 2nd, 4th, 6th,8th and 10th day of transfusion. And inflammation and thrombosis in the vein had been observed under the light microscope. Results In the same indwelling time, the inflammatory response of the two groups was compared: no difference on the 2nd day; difference was seen on the 4th、6th and 8th day; but again no difference on the 10th day. Thrombosis compared: no difference on the 2nd, 4th day, but difference was seen on the 6th, 8th and 10th day. Conclusions Chemotherapy drugs has a strong irritant on blood vessels.The indwelling time should not be too long, generally advisable 2 days,even if no abnormal response is observed locally by the naked eye.

Objective To explore the clinical application value of serum amyloid protein(SAA) and C reactive protein(CRP)in early diagnosis of hand‐foot‐mouth disease(HFMD)in children .Methods The serum/plasma levels of CRP and SAA in 81 children with HFMD(HFMD group)and 125 healthy children(healthy control group)were detected by using dot immunogold filtration as‐say .Data including white blood cell (WBC) count ,levels of CRP and SAA were obtained and analyzed .And diagnostic efficacies of these indicators were evaluated by using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve .Results The serum levels of SAA and CRP and WBC count in HFMD group were significantly higher than those in healthy control group ,and all had statistically significant differences(P<0 .05) .The area under the ROC curve(AUC) of SAA(0 .921) was higher than that of CRP(0 .728) ,SAA/CRP ra‐tio(0 .846) and WBC count(0 .721) for diagnosing HFMD ,there were statistically significant differences(P<0 .05) .Compared with CRP ,WBC count and SAA/CRP ratio ,SAA had better diagnostic efficacy .Conclusion As a new biomarker of infections ,SAA can effectively diagnose HFMD early and provide more sensitive reference to clinicians for early diagnosis ,which might be worthy of clinical application widely .

Objective To evaluate the effects of sufentanil and morphine on cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury in rats.Methods Thirty-two healthy Sprague-Dawley rats, aged 8-10 weeks, weighing 220-280 g, were randomly divided into 4 groups (n =8 each) using a random number table: control group (group C);cisplatin group (group Cis);sufentanil group (group S);morphine group (group M).Cisplatin 16 mg/kg was injected intraperitoneally in group Cis.In group S, cisplatin 16 mg/kg was injected intraperitoneally, followed by injection of sufentanil 2 μg/kg over 5 min via the caudal vein for 3 consecutive days.In group M, cisplatin 16 mg/kg was injected intraperitoneally, followed by injection of morphine 2 μg/kg over 5 min via the caudal vein for 3 consecutive days.The equal volume of normal saline was given in group C.After the end of administration on 3rd day, blood samples were collected from the orbital venous plexus for measurement of serum blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (Cr) concentrations.The animals were then sacrificed, and the left kidney specimens were obtained for examination of the pathological changes (under the light microscope) and for determination of the tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) , interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) concentrations (by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) , and expression of X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) , suvivin and caspase-3 (by Western blot).Periodic acid-Schiff's staining was used to evaluate the pathological changes of the renal tubule.Results Compared with group C, the serum BUN, Cr concentrations and renal tubule injury score were significantly increased, the contents of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 were increased, the expression of XIAP and suvivin was down-regulated, and the expression of caspase-3 was up-regulated in Cis,S and M groups (P＜0.05).Compared with group Cis, the serum BUN and Cr concentrations and renal tubule injury score were significantly decreased, the contents of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 were decreased, the expression of XIAP and suvivin was up-regulated, and the expression of caspase-3 was down-regulated in S and M groups (P＜0.05).There were no significant differences in the indexes mentioned above between group S and group M (P＞0.05).Conclusion Both sufentanil and morphine can reduce cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury in rats with similar efficacy, and the mechanism may be related to the inhibition of the inflammatory responses and cell apoptosis.

Objective To verify whether cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potential (cVEMP) can be used as an effective method to assess vestibular functions in diabetic rats ,we examined and analyzed cervical vestibular e-voked myogenic potential (cVEMP) in different duration diabetic rats and normal rats .Methods A total of 220 male SD rats were randomly divided into control group (n=20) and diabetes group (n= 200) .The diabetic rats were further divided into 4 ,6 ,8 ,10 ,and 12 week groups (40 rats each group) according to the diabetes duration . Diabetes was induced by STZ .The general situation ,ABR and cVEMP were conducted in all the groups .Results All diabetic groups appeared typical diabetic symptoms including polydipsia ,polyuria ,more food ,weight loss (P<0 .01) and blood glucose elevation (P<0 .01) .The threshold of ABR was significantly elevated (P<0 .05) in the 6 , 8 ,10 ,and 12 week diabetic group .Compared to the normal group ,the threshold of cVEMP was significantly elevat-ed in 8 week(53 .87 ± 11 .16 dB nHL) ,10 week(67 .00 ± 12 .74 dB nHL) ,12 week(67 .00 ± 9 .23 dB nHL) diabetes groups(P<0 .01) and the mean latency of P1 peak was significantly prolonged (P<0 .01) in 8 week(5 .01 ± 0 .33 ms) ,10 week(5 .37 ± 0 .45 ms) ,and 12 week(5 .39 ± 0 .24 ms) .The mean latency of N1 peak was significantly pro-longed (P<0 .01) in 10 week (8 .98 ± 0 .86 ms) ,and 12 week (9 .08 ± 0 .45 ms) compared to the control group .As to P1 - N1 amplitudes ,there was no significantly difference among all groups (P> 0 .05) .Conclusion In the cVEM P test ,the threshold increased ,the PI peak latency and N1 peak latency prolonged from the 8 th week of diabe-tes rats models .Vestibular functions were descent gradually due to different degrees of vestibular end -organ impairment . All data indicated that VEM P could be used as an early diagnostic method .