Objective:To prepare O/W granisetron hydrochloride(GH)microemulsion of a new type transdermal delivery system.Methods:The microemulsion was prepared with the formulation containing isopropyl myristate-phosphatidyl choline-tween80-ethanol-water by the pseudo-ternary phase diagram.Quality of feedstock and adjuvant was selected as investigation factor.Dosage was selected as investigation level.The permeation steady state flux,lag time and cumulative permeation quantity of GH were selected as indices,Orthogonal tests were carried out to obtain the optimum formulation.Results:The optimum formulation of GH was A2B1C2 that IPM/Km,Km and GH were 1∶6,3∶1,5.0%.Conclusion:These results indicated that the studied microemulsion system with high osmosis acoss nude rabbits skin could be a potential vehicle for the transdermal delivery of GH.

Fructus Xanthii is commonly used in rhinology, especially used in treatment of chronic rhinitis and sinusitis. But Fructus Xanthii is toxicant, and it maybe result in poisoning when used excessively, without preparation or in inappropriate preparation. This article reviewed all poisoning cases from 1960 to 2000, its toxicology and methods for detoxification

Traditional Chinese medicine teaching in general medical university was unsatisfied under the influence of many problems such as indefinite purpose,few class hours but many teaching contents,the different theoretical system between traditional Chinese medicine and western medicine,and theory divorced from practice etc.Therefore,the author suggested several measures that may help increasing teaching quality such as making definite course purpose and stimulating students' learning interest,enhancing training of imagery thinking,carefully electing teaching contents,integrating theory with practice and increasing clinical practice etc.

OBJECTIVE: To study the status quo and features of serious ADR case in our hospital in order to improve the rational use of drug. METHODS: A total of 215 cases of serious ADR collected in our hospital in 2008 were evaluated and analyzed statistically, according to causality of ADR criteria. RESULTS: Sex and age have nothing to do with serious ADR. The ADR were predominantly induced by antimicrobial drugs accounting for 28.21% (n=101), followed by antipyretic,analgesics and anti-inflammatory drugs and antirheumatic 12.85% (n=46) and TCM preparation 11.73% (n=42). Organs and systems involved in ADR were characterized by the damage of skin and its appendants (33.49%, n=73), followed by liver lesion in 70 cases (32.11%). 160 improved cases, 54 cured cases and 1 sequela cases were include in 215 cases of serious ADR reports. CONCLUSION: Several factors result in serious ADR,so rational use of drug should be enhanced to reduce and avoid occurrence of ADR and guarantee the safety and effectiveness of drug therapy.

OBJECTIVE:To provide reference for AIDS vaccine R&D in China through investigating AIDS vaccine patent ap-proval in America. METHODS:By combining keywords as HIV vaccine(s),AIDS vaccine(s) and Vaccine of HIV(AIDS) and classification number as A61K,A61P and C12P,related patents were retrieved from Thomson Innovation platform during Jan. 1981-Mar. 2015,and then analyzed in respects of patent data,patent approval trend,R&D ability,patent technology field distribu-tion,etc. RESULTS:A total of 1 272 patents were retrieved,including 405 valid patents. From 1985 to 2014,there were three stages for the change of AIDS vaccine application quantity,which were slow rise,fast rise and slow decline period;on the whole, the trend was on the rise. The main players were Duke University,United States Department of Health and Human Services,Pas-teur Institute,Connaught Laboratories Limited and Merck Group. AIDS vaccine R&D focused on pharmaceutical preparation,thera-peutic activity of medicinal preparations,microorganism,enzyme,etc. American scientific research institutions focused more on pharmaceutical preparation and peptide study. CONCLUSIONS:Though the AIDS vaccine field develops slowly,the future is still promising. In this field,America has stronger patent advantage and scientific research strength. AIDS vaccine R&D concentrates on pharmaceutical preparation,therapeutic activity of medicinal preparations and composition.

Objective To understand the basic experimental teaching of functional science in order to promote transformative learning. Methods Random sampling questionnaire survey was con-ducted among 274 students (2011 grade, 5-year-program) majored in clinical medicine, medical lab-oratory and medical imaging in Kunming Medical University. Investigation primarily aimed at the stu-dents' learning attitude, learning objectives, and teaching content. Excel 2003 was used for data en-try, percentage of each questionnaire option was calculated and the findings were directly described. Results 94.76%(253/267) students preferred basic experiment; 82.40%(220/267) students hoped to open long term laboratory;97.38%(260/267) students thought that basic experiment could help pro-mote understanding and theoretical knowledge of physiology; 98.50%(262/267) students thought the explain of the basic theories and the operation prior to each experiment were good; 78.27%(209/267) students were willing to strengthen the basic operation while only 59.18%(158/267) students would like to analyze the experiment results. Conclusions Basic experiment of functional science is wel-comed by students. Due to the lack of independent thinking ability of students, experiment course should de designed to promote interest-oriented transformative learning and to culture transformation perspective, finally achieving the transformative learning.

Objective:To investigate the protective effects of quercetin ( QU) on myocardial ischemia/reperfusion ( MI/R) injury in rats and the underlying mechanisms. Methods:MI/R injury model in rats was prepared by coronary artery ligation for 30 min fol-lowed by 120 min reperfusion. And then the rats were randomly divided into 5 groups, QU (25, 50 and 100 mg·kg-1 ) groups, the model group and the sham group (n=10). QU was orally administered once a day for 7 days before the operation. The CK and LDH activities and TNF-α and IL-1β levels in serum were examined respectively by colorimetric and ELISA method after the reperfusion. Besides, the area of myocardial infarction was calculated and MPO activity in heart homogenate was detected. Results:QU (100 and 50 mg·kg-1 ) could significantly reduced the area of myocardial infarction to 25. 00% and 25. 31%, respectively, and compared with that of 32. 55% in the model group, the difference was significant (P<0. 05). The CK activity in the three QU groups was 779. 82, 793.90 and 870.86 U·L-1, respectively, which was significantly lower than that (1 123.78 U·L-1) in the model group (P<0. 01). The LDH activity in the three QU groups was 2 138. 21, 2 277. 40 and 2 416. 53 U·L-1, respectively, which was significant-ly lower than that (3 105.32 U·L-1) in the model group (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Compared with that (311.72 U·g-1) in the model group, the MPO activity in heart homogenate in the three QU groups was reduced to 185. 70, 190. 66 and 210. 03 U·g-1 , re-spectively (P<0. 05 or P<0. 01). Compared with that (119. 55 pg·ml-1) in the model group, QU (100 and 50 mg·kg-1) signif-icantly reduced the level of TNF-αto 97. 48 and 97. 54 pg·ml-1, respectively (P<0. 05). Compared with that (673. 34 pg·ml-1) in the model group, IL-1βlevel in serum in the three QU groups was evidently reduced to 419. 26, 438. 72 and 492. 53 pg·ml-1 , re-spectively (P<0. 01). Conclusion:The effectiveness of QU pretreatment in MI/R injury appears to be associated with the inhibition of neutrophil infiltration and expression of inflammatory cytokines.

AIM To investigate the effect of resveratrol on human liver cancer HepG2, and to study the function of resveratrol in inducing HepG2 apoptosis. METHODS HepG2 cells were treated with resveratrol at various concentrations. MTT assay was used to examine growth and proliferation of HepG2 cells after treatment with resveratrol for 24 hours. HE staining and electromicroscope were used to observe the morphology of apoptotic cells, and TUNEL, flow cytometry were also used to analyze the HepG2 apoptosis. RESULTS Resveratrol significantly inhibited growth and proliferation of HepG2 cells in dose dependent manner. And resveratrol also induced the apoptosis of HepG2 cells. CONCLUSION Resveratrol may inhibit HepG2 cell growth and proliferation through inducing apoptosis.

Improving the basic medical and health service system is an important measure to deepen health care reform.Jilin province has explored its unique way of comprehensive reform of the primary organizations in the province by means of reforming grassroots medical operation mechanism and mode of service,and perfecting the compensation mechanism,achieving remarkable results.This article,based on the overall situation of Jilin province,main contradictions and countermeasures research,made detailed analysis of healthcare reform and bottlenecks encountered in the reform.The author pointed out the direction of Jilin province primary medical and health institutions reform,and put forward feasible policy adjustments and suggestions for such a reform.

Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT} lymphoma is a low grade B-cell lymphoma arising from MALT of extra-nodal. A link of Helicobacter pylori (HP) infection with gastric MALT lymphoma was confirmed in the early years. Currently, growing evidence indicates that development of non-gastric MALT lymphoma is also associated with infections by microbial pathogens. t(l1;18)(q21;q21)、t(l;14)(p22;q32) and t (14;18)(q32;q21) are specifically associated with MALT lymphoma, which occur at variable incidences in MALT lymphoma of different sites. The oncogenic activity of these three chromosome translocations is linked by antigen receptor-mediated NF-κB activation.In addition, a number of novel genetic abnormalities have been recently identified in MALT lymphoma. The findings of these microbial pathogens and molecular genetics would be helpful in better understanding the pathogenesis of MALT lymphoma and also useful for the diagnosis at early stage and proper treatments of MALT lymphoma.