Objective: To analyze the capability to overcome the major outbreak of epidemics in different regions of China, it supports the future public health emergency management stratigies in theory and technology. Methods: Based on the data of 31 regions of China, it evaluates the social vulnerability of two major epidemics (SARS in 2003 and H1N1 influence in 2009) by using factor analysis method. Results: In the middle and eastern regions of China, social vulnerability is relatively low, and comparing to SARS in 2003, it decreases in 2009; while the western and southwesternregions are the opposite. Conclusion: Infrastructure construction of health institution, the cultivation of medical and health personnel and the development of commercial health insurance are the key factors to reduce social vulnerability and enhance the ability of emergency.

OBJECTIVE:To put forward some suggestion to improve drug bidding system in China.METHODS:The process of drug bidding system reform and its common problems were analyzed.Game theory and information asymmetry theory were adopted to analyze the root of the problems and to put forward suggestions.RESULTS:Governments indiscriminately expanded the goals of bidding policy and strengthen price factor.They neglected important steps such as logistics distribution.Current single evaluation system can not count the medication order exactly.Delayed received payment of medical institution resulted in many problems of drug purchase.CONCLUSION:Centralized drug bidding system should be improved and enhanced.It also should be connected with relevant medical system reform to standardize drug circulation channels,reduce drug price and reduce the burden of patient.

Objective:To investigate the effect of Matrine on inhibiting lipopolysaccharide( lipopolysaccharide ,LPS) -induced macrophages to secrete inflammatory cytokines,including tumor necrosis factor-α( TNF-α) ,leukocyte mediated element 1β( IL-1β) on Toll like receptor 4 ( TLR4 ) , c-jun expression. Methods: Cultured macrophage RAW264. 7 of mouse and divided into four groups, including blank control group,matrine group,LPS group,matrine intervention group. Incubated by the concentration was 100 μg/L LPS DMEM for 1 h,then the LPS was discard. Added free serum DMEM or 125. 25 mg/L matrine DMEM to culture. The cells and culture solution of 5,30,60,120 min after the treatment of the above four groups were collected respectively. Detected of mouse RAW264. 7 macrophage TLR4 and c-jun mRNA expression by PCR. Detected of mouse macrophage RAW264. 7 cells c-jun protein expression by immunocytochemical. Measured secretion in cultured solution of TNF-α and IL-1β by ELISA. Results:Expression TLR4 mRNA,c-jun mRNA and c-jun protein and TNF -α and IL-1β secretion quantity indexes of matrine induced and blank group had no statistical significant differences ( P>0. 05 ) . TLR4 mRNA, c-jun mRNA and c-jun protein expression secretion of and TNF-α and IL-1β LPS group at each time point were significantly higher than that of blank group,and the high level to maintain more than 2 h (P<0. 05);matrine intervention group could effectively inhibit LPS induced macrophage TLR4 mRNA,c-jun mRNA and c-jun protein expression and reduce the secretion of inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-1β. Conclusion: Matrine may inhibit LPS induced macrophage mitogen activated protein kinase signal pathway of TLR4 and c-jun expression so that it can effectively reduce the end inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-1β release,effectively inhibit the inflammatory reaction and reduce the degree of endotoxin inflammatory re-sponse.

OBJECTIVE:To analyze the risk factors,pathogens and drug sensitivity test of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) in ICU. METHODS:A case-control study was conducted to analyze the clinical data of 190 patients receiving mechanical ventilatory support in ICU. RESULTS:The incidence of VAP in our hospital was 48.4%;elderly patients(>65 years),duration of mechanical ventilation(>5 d),use of corticosteroids,antacid drugs,indwelling stomach tube,and combined use of antibiotics were the risk factors of VAP;among the 162 pathogens,39 were Gram-positive bacteria(24.07%),102 were Gram-negative bacte-ria (62.96%),21 were fungi (12.96%);multi-drug resistance existed in most pathogens. CONCLUSIONS:A variety of factors are closely associated with the incidence of VAP;the main pathogens of VAP are Gram-negative bacteria;the phenomenon of multi-drug resistance is common. Some measures are adopted to decrease the incidence of VAP,such as strengthen monitoring of el-derly patients,to improve their immunity;use hormonal drugs reasonably;shorten the course of mechanical ventilation as much as possible,and plan ventilator removal;elevate the head of the bed and clean the oral for patients receiving gastric canal implantation and enteral nutrition;clean hands in accordance with asepsis principle strictly,and use antibacterials reasonalbly.

With the development of medical sciences, the concept of prevention and treatment of ischemic stroke is being updated continuously. However, there are still some gaps between the available evidence and clinical practice in its strategies of prevention and treatment. The article performs evidence-based analysis for the available evidence in the prevention and treatment of ischemic stroke in accordance with the scientific levels of evidence classification so as to narrow the gaps between the evidence in this field and clinical practice.

Objective To investigate the cognition and treatment rate of hormone replacement therapy (HRT)in perimenopause women.Methods A survey was conducted in 262 perimenopause women first coming to outpatients care.A predesigned structured questionnaire was used to collect information:the symptoms of perimenopa-use women,the cognition and acceptance to the treatment.Results Finally,248 women with the mean age of (50.30 ±2.10)years finished the questionnaire,the natural menopause age was (48.90 ±1.90)years.48.79% of these women understood the role of HRT in clinical application,and only 12.50% knew the side effect of HRT. Among them,35.48% thought that HRT was necessary for the duration of perimenopause.40.73% of them had the attitude to treatment with HRT.After the education of perimenopausal acknowledgement,117 patients (47.18%) accepted the treatment with HRT.Conclusion It showed that the awareness and treatment rate of HRT in perimeno-pause women was low.The health education should be strengthened to improve the level of perimenopause health care.

Objective To analyze the clinical and pathological features and responses to therapy of primary biliary cirrhosis(PBC) and autoimmune hepatitis(AIH) overlap syndrome. Methods Comparison was made between 11 patients with PBC/AIH overlap syndrome, 21 cases with type I AIH and 20 cases with PBC (Scheuer stage Ⅰ and Ⅱ), and the emphases was laid upon the clinical manifestations, pathological features and responses to therapy of the patients with PBC/AIH overlap syndrome. Results No significant differences were found in sex, age and course of diseases among the three groups. In PBC/AIH group, the serum levels of alkaline phosphatase (AKP), ?-glutamyl-transpeptidase (GTP), IgM and the frequency of positive anti-mitochondrial antibodies (AMA) and AMA-M2 antibodies were significantly higher than those in the pure AIH group(P

OBJECTIVE:To establish the quality standard of shuangbai tincture.METHODS:The rhubarb and cortex phellodendri in shuangbai tincture were identified qualitatively by TLC.The content of emodin in this preparation was deter-mined by HPLC.RESULTS:In the TLC of the testing samples,the corresponding positions of standard rhubarb and standard cortex phellodendri respectively showed the same color of speckles.The linear range of emodin was0.1176?g～2.3520?g(r=0.9994)and the average recovery was98.81%(RSD=0.45%).CONCLUSIONS:This method is simple,accurate and repro-ducible,and suitable for the quality control of shuangbai tincture.

Objective To establish a method for determination of 3’-chloromethylacetophenone in the air of ketoprofen workplaces. Methods The 3’-chloromethylacetophenone was sampled using activated carbon tube and then desorbed by ethyl acetate. All the components were determined by gas chromatograph with FID after complete separation with FFAP capillary column. Results This method presented a linear relation within 5-1 000 ?g/ml, r value was 0.999 2. The detection limit was 1.67 mg/m3. Desorption efficiencies were 92.2%-101.5%. The break through volume of 100 mg of activated carbon was 5.0 mg. Conclusions The present method is feasible for determination of 3’-chloromethylacetophenone in workplace air.

Objective To study the effect of dendritic cells(DC) stimulated with C5b-9 on allogenic lymphocytes. Methods DC was stimulated with C5b-9.CD4+ T and CD8+ T cells were isolated by magnetic-activated cell sorting (MACS),and were cocultivated with DC.The maturation markers and cytokine secretion of T cells were analyzed by flow cytometry and ELISA.Results The high pure CD4+ T and CD8+ T cells were separated successfully.After cocultivated with DC,the muturation markers CD25 and CD69 of CD4+ T were up-regulated by 26.31% and 52.73%,and IL-2 and IFN-? of CD4+ T cells were promoted from 126.3 ng?L-1 and 156.7 ng?L-1 to 409.2 ng?L-1 and 471.5 ng?L-1;the levels of IL-10 before and after coculture were 104.3 ng?L-1 and 107.1 ng?L-1.However these markers and cytokine secretion of CD8+ T were not influenced.Conclusion C5b-9 can adjust the function of DC and regulate the immuological response of T cells.