Objective: To analyze the capability to overcome the major outbreak of epidemics in different regions of China, it supports the future public health emergency management stratigies in theory and technology. Methods: Based on the data of 31 regions of China, it evaluates the social vulnerability of two major epidemics (SARS in 2003 and H1N1 influence in 2009) by using factor analysis method. Results: In the middle and eastern regions of China, social vulnerability is relatively low, and comparing to SARS in 2003, it decreases in 2009; while the western and southwesternregions are the opposite. Conclusion: Infrastructure construction of health institution, the cultivation of medical and health personnel and the development of commercial health insurance are the key factors to reduce social vulnerability and enhance the ability of emergency.

OBJECTIVE:To put forward some suggestion to improve drug bidding system in China.METHODS:The process of drug bidding system reform and its common problems were analyzed.Game theory and information asymmetry theory were adopted to analyze the root of the problems and to put forward suggestions.RESULTS:Governments indiscriminately expanded the goals of bidding policy and strengthen price factor.They neglected important steps such as logistics distribution.Current single evaluation system can not count the medication order exactly.Delayed received payment of medical institution resulted in many problems of drug purchase.CONCLUSION:Centralized drug bidding system should be improved and enhanced.It also should be connected with relevant medical system reform to standardize drug circulation channels,reduce drug price and reduce the burden of patient.

Objective:To investigate the effect of Matrine on inhibiting lipopolysaccharide( lipopolysaccharide ,LPS) -induced macrophages to secrete inflammatory cytokines,including tumor necrosis factor-α( TNF-α) ,leukocyte mediated element 1β( IL-1β) on Toll like receptor 4 ( TLR4 ) , c-jun expression. Methods: Cultured macrophage RAW264. 7 of mouse and divided into four groups, including blank control group,matrine group,LPS group,matrine intervention group. Incubated by the concentration was 100 μg/L LPS DMEM for 1 h,then the LPS was discard. Added free serum DMEM or 125. 25 mg/L matrine DMEM to culture. The cells and culture solution of 5,30,60,120 min after the treatment of the above four groups were collected respectively. Detected of mouse RAW264. 7 macrophage TLR4 and c-jun mRNA expression by PCR. Detected of mouse macrophage RAW264. 7 cells c-jun protein expression by immunocytochemical. Measured secretion in cultured solution of TNF-α and IL-1β by ELISA. Results:Expression TLR4 mRNA,c-jun mRNA and c-jun protein and TNF -α and IL-1β secretion quantity indexes of matrine induced and blank group had no statistical significant differences ( P>0. 05 ) . TLR4 mRNA, c-jun mRNA and c-jun protein expression secretion of and TNF-α and IL-1β LPS group at each time point were significantly higher than that of blank group,and the high level to maintain more than 2 h (P<0. 05);matrine intervention group could effectively inhibit LPS induced macrophage TLR4 mRNA,c-jun mRNA and c-jun protein expression and reduce the secretion of inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-1β. Conclusion: Matrine may inhibit LPS induced macrophage mitogen activated protein kinase signal pathway of TLR4 and c-jun expression so that it can effectively reduce the end inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-1β release,effectively inhibit the inflammatory reaction and reduce the degree of endotoxin inflammatory re-sponse.

OBJECTIVE:To analyze the risk factors,pathogens and drug sensitivity test of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) in ICU. METHODS:A case-control study was conducted to analyze the clinical data of 190 patients receiving mechanical ventilatory support in ICU. RESULTS:The incidence of VAP in our hospital was 48.4%;elderly patients(>65 years),duration of mechanical ventilation(>5 d),use of corticosteroids,antacid drugs,indwelling stomach tube,and combined use of antibiotics were the risk factors of VAP;among the 162 pathogens,39 were Gram-positive bacteria(24.07%),102 were Gram-negative bacte-ria (62.96%),21 were fungi (12.96%);multi-drug resistance existed in most pathogens. CONCLUSIONS:A variety of factors are closely associated with the incidence of VAP;the main pathogens of VAP are Gram-negative bacteria;the phenomenon of multi-drug resistance is common. Some measures are adopted to decrease the incidence of VAP,such as strengthen monitoring of el-derly patients,to improve their immunity;use hormonal drugs reasonably;shorten the course of mechanical ventilation as much as possible,and plan ventilator removal;elevate the head of the bed and clean the oral for patients receiving gastric canal implantation and enteral nutrition;clean hands in accordance with asepsis principle strictly,and use antibacterials reasonalbly.

With the development of medical sciences, the concept of prevention and treatment of ischemic stroke is being updated continuously. However, there are still some gaps between the available evidence and clinical practice in its strategies of prevention and treatment. The article performs evidence-based analysis for the available evidence in the prevention and treatment of ischemic stroke in accordance with the scientific levels of evidence classification so as to narrow the gaps between the evidence in this field and clinical practice.

Air ; analysis ; Alkenes ; analysis ; Butadienes ; analysis ; Chromatography, Gas ; methods ; Environmental Monitoring ; methods ; Workplace

Objective To establish a method for determination of 3’-chloromethylacetophenone in the air of ketoprofen workplaces. Methods The 3’-chloromethylacetophenone was sampled using activated carbon tube and then desorbed by ethyl acetate. All the components were determined by gas chromatograph with FID after complete separation with FFAP capillary column. Results This method presented a linear relation within 5-1 000 ?g/ml, r value was 0.999 2. The detection limit was 1.67 mg/m3. Desorption efficiencies were 92.2%-101.5%. The break through volume of 100 mg of activated carbon was 5.0 mg. Conclusions The present method is feasible for determination of 3’-chloromethylacetophenone in workplace air.

Objective To design and produce specific stealth siRNAs and detect their inhibitive effects on TGF-?1 expression.Methods Three stealth siRNAs aimed directly at different sequences(stealth-48,stealth-166,stealth-594) in TGF-?1 mRNA were made.These siRNAs were transfected into BALB/c mouse lung fibroblast in vitro,then the TGF-?1 expression in those lung fibroblasts was detected by immunohistochemistry.Results In different time periods,the TGF-?1 expression was differently depressed by three stealth siRNAs in vitro.The inhibitory effects of stealth-166 was better than the other two stealth siRNAs.The inhibition could be detected in 48 h,reached the highest level in 72 h and began to attenuate 96 h later.Conclusion The TGF-?1 expression of mouse lung fibroblasts in vitro can be depressed by synthetic stealth siRNAs.It seems possible to provide a new way for the treatment of pulmonary interstitial fibrosis.

OBJECTIVE:To discuss the relevant risk factors of antibiotic-associated colitis (AAC) and provide objective basis for formulating measures to prevent AAC.METHODS:Of the total of 3 520 patients who received antibiotics in our hospital during 2007～2008,those with AAC were assigned to trial group and those without AAC to control group.The factors that might influence AAC were subjected to single-factor analysis and Logistic regression analysis.RESULTS:Of the total 3 520 patients,AAC was noted in 190 patients (5.4%).Through single-factor analysis,10 factors were found to be associated with AAC;and through non-conditional Logistic model analysis,the following 6 major risk factors were found to be associated with AAC,i.e.,older age,fasting,severe cases,using numerous kinds of antibiotics,long-term use of antibiotics and use of antacid.CONCLUSION:AAC are associated with multiple factors,but its incidence can be prevented or reduced through rational use of antibiotics,monitoring on elder cases,supplement of probiotics,early enteral nutrition and food intake,control of the medication duration of antacids,reduction of invasive operation for the severe cases and avoiding frequent change of antibiotics,etc.

Objective To analyze the clinical and pathological features and responses to therapy of primary biliary cirrhosis(PBC) and autoimmune hepatitis(AIH) overlap syndrome. Methods Comparison was made between 11 patients with PBC/AIH overlap syndrome, 21 cases with type I AIH and 20 cases with PBC (Scheuer stage Ⅰ and Ⅱ), and the emphases was laid upon the clinical manifestations, pathological features and responses to therapy of the patients with PBC/AIH overlap syndrome. Results No significant differences were found in sex, age and course of diseases among the three groups. In PBC/AIH group, the serum levels of alkaline phosphatase (AKP), ?-glutamyl-transpeptidase (GTP), IgM and the frequency of positive anti-mitochondrial antibodies (AMA) and AMA-M2 antibodies were significantly higher than those in the pure AIH group(P