Pediatric sleep-disordered breathing, also known as obstructive sleep apnea and hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) in children, is caused by obstruction of upper airway, characterized by repetitive pauses in breathing during sleep despite the effort to breathe, and usually leads to reduction in oxygen saturation. Due to the importance of sufficient oxygen in growth and development, many children patients suffer from abnormal secretion of growth hormone at night, and also their activity and resting of cerebral cortex during sleep. Therefore, they face great risks in keeping normal physical growth, forming mental behavior, building up learning ability and shaping personalities. It is a very important interdisciplinary subject, yet still much remains unclear about the disease. Oral medicine is one of the subjects that show increasing importance in prevention and treatment of OSAHS in children. On one hand, due to the special means of the field, such as cephalometric, it can diagnose and monitor the development of craniofacial structures, especially the upper airway. On the other hand, it can provide treatments which can both improve breath during sleep and consequent dental facial deformities. Most typical treatments include mandibular sagittal growth stimulation, transverse maxillary palatal expansion and maxillary protraction. Oral medicine provides additional treatment apart from traditional adenectomy and tonsilectomy to improve ventilation. It not only directly helps to improve deformities caused by sleep-disordered breathing in OSAHS children with indications, but also helps to avoid many of physical and mental complications, which will in turn benefit their life quality. Also, it may prospectively provide insights in treatment and prevention of OSAHS in adults.
Adult ; Cephalometry ; Child ; Humans ; Mandible ; Maxilla ; Palatal Expansion Technique ; Sleep Apnea Syndromes ; Sleep Apnea, Obstructive

OBJECTIVE:To discuss the general pattern and characteristics of adverse drug reactions (ADR) induced by rabies vaccine. METHODS: A total of 156 ADR cases induced by rabies vaccine were retrieved from China Hospital Digital Library and China Pharmaceutical Abstract between Jan. 1995 and Nov. 2008 and analyzed statistically. RESULTS: The ADR induced by rabies vaccine were more often seen in females aged from 1 year to 40 years. 43.59% occurred within 30 minutes after medication;94.87% manifested as allergies,and allergic shock was even noted in serious cases. CONCLUSION: Great importance should be attached to the ADR induced by rabies vaccine to ensure medication safety.

The human Dab2 gene has a variety of physiological functions,and plays important roles in various signal transduction pathways.Researches have shown that reduced expression of Dab2 was closely related to the occurrence and development in many malignant cancers,and Dab2 has been regarded as a tumor suppressor.This paper reviewed about multiple researches on the structure and functions of Dab2,and explored the specific mechanisms in oncogenesis.

Objective: To observe the apoptosis and expression of apoptosis related proteins Bcl-2,Bax and P53 during the developing mouse stomach.Methods: Serial sections of fetal mice aged 11～15 days were made.The density of apoptotic bodies(DAB) in the epithelium was measured with stereological method.The expression of apoptosis related proteins Bcl-2,Bax and P53 in the epithelium were detected with the SABC method of immunocytochemistry,and image analysier was used to detect the products-intensity of each section.Results: ① The peak-expression of DAB in the epithelium was on the 14 th and 15 th day.② The peak-expression of Bcl-2 in the epithelium was on the 11 th and 13 th day,the peak-expression of Bax in the epithelium was on the 14 th day,the peak-expression of P53 were on the 11 th and 14 th day.Conclusion: ① Bcl-2 may have a role in suppressing cell apoptosis in the epithelium of stomach,Bax may have a role in promoting cell apoptosis.P53 do not have close relationship with the control of epithelial cells apoptosis in fetus mouse stomach.

It is very difficult to make diagnosis on pediatric rheumatic diseases,because of the great variety of the diseases,being unclear of the etiology and pathogenesis,the complex clinical manifestations involving multiple organ damages.Knowing the classification of pediatric rheumatism,training of thought on systemic diagnosis,exception of infection and tumors,and combining with necessary examinations,might be made correct diagnosis.

Objective:To analyze the etiology,clinical manifestations,pathology and prognosis of 87 cases of acute interstitial nephritis in children.Methods:Clinical features and pathological data of 87 patients with AIN admitted in our hospital from October 1996 to October 2006 were retrospectively analyzed.Results:Of total 87 cases,64 were infection-associated(73.6%),and respiratory and intestinal infections were most common.The other 23 cases(26.4%) were caused by surgery and other reasons.Renal impairment in 55 cases(60.9%)was medication-associated,especially NSAID and antimicrobials.A total of 35 cases(40.2%)were virus-associated(IgM positive in blood),and among those,EBV was the most common one.Clinical manifestations for all cases were variable ranging from mild proteinuria,hematuria and leucocyturia to accomparied acute renal failure(31/87,35.6%).Renal biopsy was performed in 11 patients.Mononuclear cell infiltration in the renal interstitium with tubular degradation was typical.Crescent was seen in 3 cases.A total of 12 cases(28 person-time) with ARF needed blood puritication(hemodialysis or hemofiltration),1 case was treated with peritoneal dialysis.A majority of patients with ARF had complete recovery,and only 3 of them were treated with steroid in low dosage.Conclusion:Infection and drug associated AIN are common in children.Clinical manifestations are variably ranged,mainly with the change of urine,and the extreme situation is with ARF or multiple organ failure(MOF).Interstitial and tubular damage is typical in pathology.Prevention of infections and reasonable drug administration are keys to the prevention of AIN in children.

Objective:To prepare anti-HBV S protein hybridoma cell line,this will be helpful to the establishment of rapid HBV infection diagnosis assay.Methods:BALB/c mice were immunized with the recombinant Hepatitis B vaccine.A hybridoma cell line which consistently secreted monoclonal antibody(McAb)against HBsAg was obtained through cell fusion.The specificity of the McAb was analysed by indirect ELISA and Western blot analysis.The immunoglobulin(Ig)subtypethe ascites titers, and the affinity of the obtained mAbs were determined by indirect ELISA.Results:From over hundred positive hybridomas which secreted anti-S protein mAbs,one of hybridomas was screened out,designated 4D2.The subtype of the McAb was lgG_1. The titer of 4D2 mAb produced by ascites fluid was over 1:10~6.The relative affinity constant of 4D2 mAb was determined as 10~5.Conclusion:One of high titer,specific mAb against HBV S protein has been successfully prepared and primarily identified,which may be useful in the development of a rapid and convenient diagnostic kit for detection of HBV infection.

Objective:To clone mouse signal transducers and activators of transcription(STAT) 4 and STAT6 gene and construct a eukaryotic expression plasimid.Methods:The cDNA of mouse STAT4 and STAT6 gene amplified with RT-PCR from normal mouse spleen tissue were cloned into pMD19-T vector by T/A ligation.After double digested,STAT4/STAT6 cDNA fragment was subcloned into pIRES2-EGFP vector to construct a eukaryotic expression plasimid.Restriction endonucleases analysis and sequencing were used to comform the recombinant plasimid.Results:The full length STAT4/STAT6 cDNA was correctly inserted into eukaryotic expression plasimid,and its sequencing was consistent with reported sequence derived from Genebank.Conclusion:The successful construction of eukaryotic expression plasimid provides a basis for futher studies on the infection of STAT4/STAT6 interaction to the downstream cytokines.

Objective:To understand the efficacy of gene hepatitis B vaccine associated with hepatitis B immune globulin on interrupting the mather-infant transmission of HBV and to explore the most effective immunotherapy plan.Methods:A total of 99 cases of HBsAg-positive pregnant women were chosen as investigation objects,which were then divided into test and control groups by various testing period.According to the different vaccination ways of hepatitis B vaccine,test groups were divided into Group A(muscular injection way)and Group B(intradermal injection way).Pregnant women in the test groups were intramuscularly injected with HBIG of 200IU at week 28,32 and 36 of gestation;the neonates were intramuscularly injected with HBIG of 200IU at postnatal 4 h,and on the 15th and 30th day and vaccinated gene Hepatitis B vaccine of 5 ?g at birth date,a month and six months after birth respectively.Control group were routinely inoculated by hepatitis B vaccine.HBsAg and anti-HBs in the serum were monitored by following-up the children for five years.Results:The blocking rate of mother-infant transmission of HBV in test group was 98.36%,however,the blocking rate of control group was 83.33%(P0.05).The blocking rate in HBeAg and HBsAg-positive group was 77.78%,but,in HBsAg-positive group,the blocking rate was 97.26%(P

Objective:To prepare O/W granisetron hydrochloride(GH)microemulsion of a new type transdermal delivery system.Methods:The microemulsion was prepared with the formulation containing isopropyl myristate-phosphatidyl choline-tween80-ethanol-water by the pseudo-ternary phase diagram.Quality of feedstock and adjuvant was selected as investigation factor.Dosage was selected as investigation level.The permeation steady state flux,lag time and cumulative permeation quantity of GH were selected as indices,Orthogonal tests were carried out to obtain the optimum formulation.Results:The optimum formulation of GH was A2B1C2 that IPM/Km,Km and GH were 1∶6,3∶1,5.0%.Conclusion:These results indicated that the studied microemulsion system with high osmosis acoss nude rabbits skin could be a potential vehicle for the transdermal delivery of GH.