Objective To explore the effect of doxazosin on rabbit bladder compliance after partial bladder outlet obstruction. Methods A total of 40 male New Zealand white rabbits were randomized into 4 groups, with 10 rabbits in each group. Partial bladder outlet obstruction was established in groups B and C, while groups A and D underwent the same operation but without partial bladder outlet obstruction. On the day after the operation, groups C and D received oral administration of doxazosin. After 14 weeks, urodynamic examinations were carried out in all groups, and the bladder was weighted after cystectomy. Results Bladder weight was (3.2±0.9) g in group A, (14.1±2.3) g in group B, (5.0±2.0) in group C,and (2.9±0.5) g in group D. The bladder weight in groups B and C increased significantly compared to groups A and D (P＜0.01), group B increased significantly over group C (P＜0.01), and there was no significant difference between groups A and D (P＞0.05).The detrusor leak point pressure was (10.2±2.5) cm H2O in group A, (18.8±6.1) cm H2O in group B, (13.5±4.7) cm H2O in group C,and (11.6±3.6) cm H2O in group D. The detrusor leak point pressure in group B was significantly higher than group A, group D (P＜0.01) and group C (P＜0.05). There was no significant difference between group A, group C and group D (P＞0.05). The bladder compliance was (2.86±0.56) ml/cm H2O in group A, (1.22±0.39) ml/cm H2O in group B, (4.25±2.19) ml/cm H2O in group C,and (2.90±0.53) ml/cm H2O in group D. The bladder compliance was significantly decreased in group B compared to groups A and D (P＜0.01). Bladder compliance in group C was significantly higher than in groups A and D (P＜0.05), and there was no significant difference between group A and group D (P＞0.05). Conclusion Early use of doxazosin can delay the occurrence of lower bladder compliance after partial bladder outlet obstruction, thus protecting the storage function of bladder.

Objective To summarize the clinical features and treatment of male urethral duplication.Methods The clinical data of 2 cases treated in June 2011 and April 2014 were analyzed retrospectively.The first case was a 5-year-old boy presented with passages of urine from two orifices in the penis.The second case was a 15-year-old boy presented with dorsal chordee and a sinus on the dorsum of the penis.The patient had a small amount of watery discharge occasionally dripping out of the opening for 10 years.The 2 patients underwent retrograde urethrography, which revealed a complete duplicated urethra with the channel arising from the proximal prostatic urethra ( class ⅡA2 according to the classification of Effman) .The 2 patients underwent excision of the accessory urethra under general anesthesia.Results The pathology reports of the 2 cases were hyperplasia of squamous epithelium and urothelial mucosa.Pathological diagnosis was urethral duplication.The first case was followed up for 1 year with a satisfactory functional and cosmetic outcome.The second case was followed up for 6 months and no watery discharge noticed from the residual dorsal chordee.Conclusions Urethral duplication is a rare congenital anomality affecting mainly boys.Clinical presentation varies depending on the different anatomical patterns of the urethral anatomy. Surgical management must be evaluated for each different anatomical variation.

Objective To investigate the expression of PRR11 in bladder cancer tissues and its effect on proliferation and apoptosis of bladder cancer cell line T24. Methods The expression of PRR11 was detected using immunohistochemistry method in 57 specimens of bladder urothelial carcinoma and adjacent tissues. The correlations of PRR11 expression with the clinicopathological characteristics of patients with bladder urothelial carcinoma were analyzed. The mRNA and protein expression levels of PRR11 in human immortalized bladder epithelial cell lines SV-HUC-1 and human bladder cancer cell lines HTB-9, T24, J82 and UM-UC-3 were measured by qRT-PCR and Western blot. The gene expression of PRR11 in T24 cells was silenced by lentivirus shRNA. The mRNA expression level of PRR11 was detected by qRT-PCR. CCK-8 was used to detect cell proliferative activity. Cell clonality was detected by plate cloning assays. The rate of apoptosis was evaluated using flow cytometry. The protein expression levels of PRR11, Caspase-3, Bcl-2 and Bax were assessed by Western blot. Results PRR11 was highly expressed in bladder urothelial carcinoma, and its expression level was correlated with the pathological grade and T stage of the tumor. The mRNA and protein expression levels of PRR11 in HTB-9, T24, J82 and UM-UC-3 cells were higher than those in SV-HUC-1 cells (P < 0.05), especially in T24 cells. PRR11 gene silence reduced the expression levels of PRR11 mRNA and protein, as well as the cell proliferation activity and cell clonality, elevated the apoptosis rate, up-regulated the protein expression levels of Cleaved caspase-3 and Bax, and down-regulated the protein expression level of Bcl-2. Conclusion The expression of PRR11 is upregulated in bladder urothelial carcinoma tissues and bladder cancer cell lines. Interfering with PRR11 expression can inhibit the proliferation and promote the apoptosis of bladder cancer T24 cells.

Objective:To explore the efficacy and safety of urethroplasty combining the reconstruction of urethral plate with the enlargement of urethral cavity in the treatment of short penile urethral atresia or severe stricture.Methods:From January 2017 to September 2020, 10 patients, 22 to 78 years old and the average age 48, with short penile urethral atresia or severe stricture were treated in the Department of Urology, Henan University People’s Hospital, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital. The lengths of the stenotic or atresic segment were 0.2-0.5 cm, with an average length of 0.3 cm. They were all treated with one-stage urethroplasty to reconstructe urethral plate and enlarge urethral cavity with free prepuce skin grafts or pedicled flaps adjacent to the stenosis. By the guidance of urethral dilator, the strictured urethra was incised longitudinally on the ventral side of penis to the distance of 0.5 cm into the normal urethral mucosa at both ends. The stricture or atresic scar tissue of the urethra was removed. The distal and proximal corpus spongiosum were appropriately dissociated, and the urethral mucosa at the both ends of the dorsal side was anastomosed intermittently to reconstruct the urethral plate. Free prepuce skin grafts were used in 4 cases, and pedicled flaps adjacent to the stenosis were used in 6 cases to enlarge the urethral cavity.Results:In this study, the operation time ranged from 75 minutes to 100 minutes, with an average of 85.6 minutes. Intraoperative blood loss ranged from 20 ml to 65 ml, with an average of 45.5 ml. Followed up from 3 months to 3 years postopreatively, all of them did not have painful erection and penile curvature during erection, and felt the same as before in sexual life. Urinary flow rates were significantly improved in 9 cases, and the maximum flow rate was more than 15 ml/s. One recurred patient was cured after urethral dilatation.Conclusions:The one-stage urethroplasty combined the reconstruction of urethral plate with the enlargement of urethral cavity. The urethral plate was reconstructed through urethral resection of narrow segment and the urethral cavity was enlarged with free skin or pedicled flap. This technique has the advantages of a simple and safe operation with a high success rate and a less complication rate. It is an effective procedure to repair short penile urethral atresia or severe stricture.

Objective:To explore the efficacy and safety of urethroplasty combining the reconstruction of urethral plate with the enlargement of urethral cavity in the treatment of short penile urethral atresia or severe stricture.Methods:From January 2017 to September 2020, 10 patients, 22 to 78 years old and the average age 48, with short penile urethral atresia or severe stricture were treated in the Department of Urology, Henan University People’s Hospital, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital. The lengths of the stenotic or atresic segment were 0.2-0.5 cm, with an average length of 0.3 cm. They were all treated with one-stage urethroplasty to reconstructe urethral plate and enlarge urethral cavity with free prepuce skin grafts or pedicled flaps adjacent to the stenosis. By the guidance of urethral dilator, the strictured urethra was incised longitudinally on the ventral side of penis to the distance of 0.5 cm into the normal urethral mucosa at both ends. The stricture or atresic scar tissue of the urethra was removed. The distal and proximal corpus spongiosum were appropriately dissociated, and the urethral mucosa at the both ends of the dorsal side was anastomosed intermittently to reconstruct the urethral plate. Free prepuce skin grafts were used in 4 cases, and pedicled flaps adjacent to the stenosis were used in 6 cases to enlarge the urethral cavity.Results:In this study, the operation time ranged from 75 minutes to 100 minutes, with an average of 85.6 minutes. Intraoperative blood loss ranged from 20 ml to 65 ml, with an average of 45.5 ml. Followed up from 3 months to 3 years postopreatively, all of them did not have painful erection and penile curvature during erection, and felt the same as before in sexual life. Urinary flow rates were significantly improved in 9 cases, and the maximum flow rate was more than 15 ml/s. One recurred patient was cured after urethral dilatation.Conclusions:The one-stage urethroplasty combined the reconstruction of urethral plate with the enlargement of urethral cavity. The urethral plate was reconstructed through urethral resection of narrow segment and the urethral cavity was enlarged with free skin or pedicled flap. This technique has the advantages of a simple and safe operation with a high success rate and a less complication rate. It is an effective procedure to repair short penile urethral atresia or severe stricture.