Objective To understand the genotoxicity of organic extracts (OEs) of fishpond water containing sewage.Methods Male Kunming mice were randomly divided into different groups according to the body weight,6 in each group.The OEs were administrated to the mice through peritoneal injection at the doses of 25.00 L/kg,12.50 L/kg and 6.25 L/kg respectively for 3 consecutive days.The negative and positive control groups were treated with DMSO and cyclophosphamide (CP) respectively.The DNA damage was tested by using un-fluorescent staining comet assay.Results The tailed-cells rates and tail length in each OEs treated group were significantly higher than those in the negative control group (P

Background As myopia is a common ocular condition which has been reported as the risk factor of primary open angle glaucoma,it is of great importance to evaluate the optic disc morphology in myopic eyes.Objective This study was to evaluate the agreement of optic disc measurements between Cirrus high-density optical coherence tomography (HD-OCT) and Heidelberg retina tomograph (HRT) in myopic eyes;and to investigate the relationships between axial length (AL) and differences of optic disc parameters measured with the two devices.Methods One hundred and fifty myopic subjects were included in this prospective cross-sectional study.One eye from each subject was randomly selected for optic disc imaging by Cirrus HD-OCT and HRT2 in Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and The Chinese University of Hong Kong from September to December in 2010 under the approval of Ethic Committee of this hospital and informed consent of each patient was received.Each subject received complete ophthalmic examinations including intraocular pressure (IOP) measurement,visual acuity,refraction,slit lamp,dilated fundus examination and perimetry.The subjects were divided into low (≤-3.00 D,35 eyes),moderate (-3.00 D＜SE＜-6.00 D,60 eyes) and high myopia (SE ≥-6.00 D,55 eyes) groups according to the refractive status.Measurement of axial length was performed with IOL master.Optic disc parameters including disc area,rim area,cup volume,vertical cup-to-disc ratio (VCDR) and average cup-to-disc area ratio (ACDR) were measured by Cirrus HD-OCT and HRT2,respectively.The OCT measurements were corrected for ocular magnification using the Littman's formula,and the results were compared between the instruments.The measurement agreement was evaluated using Bland-Altman plots.Pearson correlation analysis was used to evaluate the associations between AL and the measurement differences of the two instruments.Results The mean axial length and refraction were (25.62±1.10) mm and (-5.22±2.34) D,respectively.The corrected optic disc parameters were significantly larger than those without adjustment by using Cirrus HD-OCT (all at P＜ 0.001).In the high myopic group,the disc area measured by Cirrus HD-OCT was significantly larger than that by HRT2 (P＜0.001).In the moderate myopic group,the rim area measured by HRT2 was significantly larger than that by the Cirrus HD-OCT (P =0.040).The measurements of ACDR,VCDR and cup volume by Cirrus HD-OCT were all larger than those by HRT2 in the three myopic groups (all at P＜0.001).The 95％ limits of agreement (LoA) of disc area and rim area with the two devices were-0.64 to 0.74 and-0.74 mm to 0.62 mm2,respectively.The differences of disc area,rim area and cup volume measurements from the two devices were significantly and positively associated with axial length (r=0.158,0.148,0.156,all at P＜0.05).No significant correlation was detected between AL and the differences of ACDR and VCDR (r =0.012,0.093,both at P ＞ 0.05).Conclusions Optic disc parameters measured by Cirrus HD-OCT are affected by optical magnification in myopic eyes.Poor agreement is found across all of the disc measurements with Cirrus HD-OCT and HRT2.The two devices should not be used interchangeably for measurements of optic disc.Moreover,the differences between measurements of the two devices are significantly associated with AL.

Objective To determine the changes of peripheral levels of T helper cell cytokines of patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) during antiviral treatment,and to further explore its clinical significance.Methods The plasma levels of interleukin (IL)-2,IL-6,IL-10,interferon (IFN)-γ and tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-α of thirty-three CHB patients during antiviral treatment (entecavir) were measured using enzyme linked immunosorbont assay (ELISA).And their biochemical indicators of liver function were determined.The differences of cytokines levels before and after antiviral treatment were compared using ANOVA.The correlations between the changes of cytokines and alanine transaminase (ALT),hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA levels were analyzed.Results Levels of IFNγ before and 12,24,48 weeks after treatment were (5.98±2.77),(5.95±3.37),(2.93±2.15) and (9.29±4.65) pg/mL,respectively (F=3.845,P＜0.05),which were positively correlated with ALT levels (r =0.396,P＜0.05).Both TNF-α and IL-10 levels declined after antiviral treatment,which were significantly different at different time points (F=20.156 and 16.695,respectively; both P＜0.05),and both levels of TNF-α and IL-10 were positively correlated with ALT levels (r=0.354and 0.316,respectively; both P＜0.05) and positively correlated with HBV DNA levels (r=0.382and 0.386,respectively; both P＜0.05).While both IL-2 and IL-6 levels were not significantly different between before and after antiviral treatment (F=0.010 and 0.932,respectively; both P＞0.05).The serum levels of ALT and HBV DNA before and after antiviral treatment were all significantly different (F=17.69 and 198.98,respectively; both P＜0.05),which declined gradually during treatment and were positively correlated (r =0.581,P＜0.05).Conclusions IL-10,IFNγand TNF-α may be involved in the pathologic process of CHB,and closely related to the deterioration of the disease.Monitoring plasma levels of these cytokines during antiviral treatment could be useful to understand the immune status and evaluate the efficacy of antiviral drugs.

Objective We performed experiments using Neuregulin-1β (NRG-1β) treatment to determine a mechanism for the protective role derived from its beneficial effects by remodeling gap junctions (GJs) during heart failure (HF). Methods Rat models of HF were established by aortocaval fistula. Forty-eight rats were divided randomly into the HF (HF, n = 16), NRG-1β treatment (NRG, n = 16), and sham operation (S, n = 16) group. The rats in the NRG group were administered NRG-1β (10 μg/kg per day) for 7 days via the tail vein, whereas the other groups were injected with the same doses of saline. Twelve weeks after operation, Connexin 43 (Cx43) expression in single myocytes obtained from the left ventricle was determined by immunocytochemistry. Total protein was extracted from frozen left ventricular tissues for immunoblotting assay, and the ultrastructure of myocytes was observed by transmission electron microscopy. Results Compared with the HF group, the cardiac function of rats in the NRG group was markedly improved, irregular distribution and deceased Cx43 expression were relieved. The ultrastructure of myocytes was seriously damaged in HF rats, and NRG-1β reduced these pathological damages. Conclusions Short-term NRG-1β treatment can rescue pump failure in experimental models of volume overload-induced HF, which is related to the recovery of GJs structure and the improvement of Cx43 expression.

Objective To study the mechanism of glutamine dipeptide on wound healing after operations on bums. Methods Totally, 30 burned patients were randomly divided into study group and control group (15 cases in each group). All patients received parental nutrition support after operation. Study group patients were supplemented with glutamine dipeptide at a dose of 0. 5 g · kg±1 · d±1. The plasma free hydroxyproline level was measured by a standard amino acid analyzer 1 day before operation and 7 days after operation and the wound healing time was recor± ded. Results The plasma free hydroxyproline levels of both groups were higher than the normal values before opera± tion but without significant difference [control group: (2. 24 ±0. 84) fig/ml, study group: (2. 32 ±0.92) μg/ml, normal value: (1.27 ±0.44) μg/ml]. On the post±operative 7 day, the plasma free hydroxyproline level of study group [ (4. 31 ±1. 05) μg/ml] was significantly higher than that of control group [ (3. 04± 1. 01) μ/ml] (P = 0.002). The wound healing time of study group [ (29. 7±5.3) d] was shorter than that of control group but with± out significant difference [ (33. 3 ±7.5) d, P = 0. 14 ]. Conclusion The intravenous supplementation of glutamine dipeptide may increase the plasma hydroxyproline level after operation and thus promote wound healing.

Objective:To investigate whether the nutrition support team (NST) benefits esophageal carcinoma (EC) patients who are concurrently undergoing chemoradiotherapy. Methods: Between June 2012 and December 2013, 40 EC patients undergoing chemoradiotherapy were divided into the NST group and routine treatment (RT) group, with 20 patients in each group. At the end of chemoradiotherapy, the nutritional status, incidence of complications, and completion rates of radiotherapy were evaluated. The length of hospital stay (LOS) and cost were also compared between the two groups. Results:The nutrition and blood parameter values of the NST group were better (P<0.05) than those of the RT group. The incidence of complications was lower in the NST group (P<0.05) than that in the RT group. In addition, all patients in the NST group achieved the treatment plan, whereas five of the patients in the RT group interrupted or delayed the plan (P<0.05). The average LOS decreased by 3.8 d (P<0.05), and the hospitalization costs were reduced to 6300 RMB person-times (P>0.05) for the patients of the NST group. Conclusion: NST could maintain the nutritional status and improve the treatment compliance and tolerance of EC patients undergoing chemoradiotherapy, thereby shortening the LOS time and reducing the costs.

SUMMARY Thehumanembryonicstemcells(hESCs)serveasaself-renewable,genetically-healthy, pluripotent and single source of all body cells,tissues and organs.Therefore,it is considered as the good standard for all human stem cells by US,Europe and international authorities.In this study,the standard and healthy human mesenchymal progenitors,ligament tissues,cardiomyocytes,keratinocytes,primary neurons,fibroblasts,and salivary serous cells were differentiated from hESCs.The human cellular health-safety of NaF,retinoic acid,5-fluorouracil,dexamethasone,penicillin G,adriamycin,lead ace-tate PbAc,bisphenol A-biglycidyl methacrylate (Bis-GMA)were evaluated selectively on the standar-dized platforms of hESCs,hESCs-derived cardiomyocytes,keratinocytes,primary neurons,and fibro-blasts.The evaluations were compared with those on the currently most adopted cellular platforms.Parti-cularly,the sensitivity difference of PM2.5 toxicity on standardized and healthy hESCs derived fibroblasts, currently adopted immortalized human bronchial epithelial cells Beas-2B and human umbilical vein endo-thelial cells (HUVECs)were evaluated.The results showed that the standardized hESCs cellular plat-forms provided more sensitivity and accuracy for human cellular health-safety evaluation.

Objective:To explore the polymorphism of the uridine diphosphateglucuronosyl transferase 1A1 ( UGT1A1) gene in children of multiple nationalities with etiology-unknown neonatal hyperbilirubinemia in Qiubei County. Methods:Full-term neonates with unknown cause hyperbilirubinemia were collected.They were admitted to neonatal ward of Qiubei People′s Hospital from September 2017 to June 2018.All of them were performed UGT1A1 gene test. Results:A total of 100 neonates were enrolled in this study.Among them, 53 infants were Han, and others were minorities.Ten mutation sites of UGT1A1 gene were found.Five sites were never reported before and 4 sites could be pathogenic mutations.In addition, c.211G>A.was the most common genetic mutation, and 13 cases of homozygote and 32 cases of heterozygote were revealed by exome sequencing.The bilirubin levels of children with homozygote c. 211G>A were higher than those without the variation in this study and the differences were statistically significant ( t=2.621, P=0.008). The incidence of c. 211G>A mutation was similar between Han and minority nationalities.Among new-found mutations, c.1091C>CA heterozygous mutation was found in 19 children and in several nationalities, suggesting that this was a common UGT1A1 gene mutation in Qiubei County.Besides c. 211G>A and c. 1091C>CA were the most common variants.The incidence of c. 211G>A had no significant difference between Han and minority nationalities (χ 2=0.215, P=0.643). Neither had the incidence difference of c. 1091C>CA between Han and minority nationalities (χ 2=0.017, P=0.897). Conclusion:c. 211G>A and c. 1091C>CA mutations , which are distributed in both Han and minority nationalities, are common UGT1A1 mutations in Qiubei County.The distribution rate of c. 211G>A mutation is high in the population.The homozygous variation of c. 211G>A is associated with neonatal hyperbilirubinemia.

Objective To analyse the risk factors associated with spontaneous intestinal perforation (SIP) in extremely premature infants/extremely low birth weight infants. Method From January 2015 to December 2018, infants with gestational age (GA)<28 weeks or birth weight (BW)<1000 g admitted to our neonatal intensive care unit were enrolled to the retrospective nested case-control study.The clinical data of SIP infants (SIP group) and infants with the same GA but without SIP (control group) were randomly selected and compared. Multivariable Logistic regression was used to analyse the risk factors of SIP. Result A total of 409 extremely premature infants/extremely low birth weight infants were born during the study period. Among them, 25 SIP infants and 55 controls were enrolled. The incidence of SIP in infants with GA 22～25 weeks was 11.8％(16/136), which is higher than infants with GA 26～27 weeks (2.0％, 5/247) (χ2=16.057, P<0.001). The incidence of SIP in infants with BW 400～749 g was 13.0％(14/108), which is higher than infants with BW 750～999 g (3.4％, 8/236) (χ2=11.343, P=0.001). Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that twins (OR=4.153, 95％CI 1.392～12.384, P=0.011), umbilical veins catheterization (OR=15.942, 95％CI 1.026～247.789, P=0.048) and ibuprofen use within 3 days after birth (OR=15.387, 95％CI 1.519～155.883, P=0.021) were independent risk factors of SIP. Conclusion The smaller the GA and BW, the higher the incidence of SIP. Twins,umbilical veins catheterization and ibuprofen use early after birth may be independent risk factors of SIP.

Objective: To explore the positive rate of intrinsic factor antibody (IFAb) and level of vitamin B₁₂ (VitB₁₂) in normal physical examination population and the possible relation between IFAb, VitB12 and sex, age, number of RBC, HGB and MCV. Methods: A total of 1 427 people who came to Peking Union Medical Colleague Hospital (PUMCH) for physical examination were enrolled. There were 758 males with average age of (52.5±14.5) years-old and 669 females with average age of (50.3±14.3) year-old. Beckman DxI800 automatic biochemical-immune analyzer and corollary reagents were used to analyze the level of serum IFAb and VitB₁₂. The results in different sex, age were documented and their correlation with the value of whole blood cell count was tested later on. Results: Among the 1 427 normal subjects, 66 (4.63%) were positive for IFAb. The positive rate for IFAb in the population≥40 years-old was higher than those<40 years-old (5.66% vs 1.48%, χ²=7.46, P=0.006). The deficiency rate of VitB₁₂ in the population<40 years-old, 40-59 years-old and ≥60 years-old was 2.22%, 2.51% and 5.50%, respectively (χ²=8.55, P=0.014). There were no difference between people with different sex in the positive rate of IFAb (5.15% for males and 4.04% for females, χ²=0.99, P=0.320) or in the deficiency rate of VitB₁2 (3.83% for males and 2.69% for females, χ²=1.44, P=0.230). The results of multiple linear regression showed that HGB level of IFAb positive subjects was 3.05 g/L lower on average than those of IFAb negative, but IFAb had no effect on both RBC and MCV. There was no correlation between VitB₁2 deficiency and HGB, RBC and MCV. Conclusion The positive rate of IFAb and deficiency rate of VitB₁2 increase as age increases. But the presence of VitB₁₂ deficiency is later than the positive findings of IFAb. IFAb showed some effects on the level of HGB, which may compensate the limitations of VitB₁₂ detection to some extent. It is necessary to check the IFAb and level of VitB₁₂ in people with middle or old ages.