Objective To assess the cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) in health subjects and patients with risk factors by means of transcranial Doppler ultrasonography (TCD) with breath-holding maneuver, and its association with risk factors of cerebrovascular disease.Methods The breath-holding index (BHI), which was the percentage increase in middle cerebral artery(MCA)blood flow velocity and was as index of CVR assessment, was detected during breath-holding by TCD and breath-holding technique in 137 patients with various risk-factors of cerebrovascular disease and 87 normal controls.The regression analysis was done between the CVR and risk factors.Results The mean blood velocity before (Vm) and after holding test (Vm′) were significantly lower in group with age of 20-40 years than that of the age of 41-60 and over 60 years(all P

Objective To explore the changes of cerebral vasoreactivity(CVR) in patients with acute cerebral infarction of various clinical subtypes.Methods The 70 patients with acute cerebral infarction were divided into 3 subtypes:atherothrombotic infarction (AI)group(n=22), lacunar infarction (LI)group(n=33), cardiogenic infarction (CI)group(n=15).The mean blood flow velocity (Vm), pulse index(PI), resistance index(RI) in bilateral middle cerebral artery(MCA) were detected, and breath holding index (BHI) was measured by TCD in these patients through breath holding test. All the data were compared with the health controls. Results Compared with normal control group,the Vm,PI and RI were significantly increased (P0.05). Conclusions There are differents in CVR in patients with acute cerebral infarction of various subtypes. The damage of CVR is more obviously in AI and LI group. There is clinical significance for measurement of CVR to evaluate the haemodynamic changes in various subtype of acute cerebral infarction.

Objective To explore the regularity of cell apoptosis in the early development of human embryonic spinal cord tissue. Methods The apoptotic cells in the spinal cord tissue of human embryos were stained in the second, third and fourth month of gestation by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase biotin-dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) method, and the integral optical density (IOD) was analyzed with Nikon imaging system (NIS-DR). One-Way ANOVA was applied to compare these IODs. Results The positive expression of cells apoptosis was detected in the central canal, anterior horn and posterior horn of human embryonic spinal cord in the second, third and fourth month of gestation. The IOD values of apoptotic cells at the 3 time points were 134.9954?10.53257, 149.0331?5.66187 and 140.7892?7.65320, respectively. The IOD value of apoptotic cells of human embryonic spinal cord at the third month of fetal age was higher than that of the second and the fourth month of fetal age, and the IOD value at the fourth month of fetal age was higher than that of the second month of fetal age. With the advancement of fetal age, the expressions of IOD of apoptotic cells showed an up then down trend. One-Way ANOVA was employed to compare the IOD values of the apoptotic cells detected in the 3 fetal periods, and the results showed significant difference (P

Aiming at the single treatment and the design separation between treatment and assessment in electrotherapy equipment, a kind of system including low-intermediate frequency treatment and efficacy evaluation was developed. With C8051F020 single-chip microcomputer as the core and the circuit design and software programming used, the system realized the random switch of therapeutic parameters, the collection, display and data storage of pressure pain threshold in the assessment. Experiment results showed that the stimulus waveform, current intensity, frequency, duty ratio of the system output were adjustable, accurate and reliable. The obtained pressure pain threshold had a higher accuracy (< 0.3 N) and better stability, guiding the parameter choice in the precise electrical stimulation. It, therefore, provides a reliable technical support for the treatment and curative effect assessment.
Electric Stimulation Therapy ; instrumentation ; Equipment Design ; Microcomputers ; Pain Measurement ; instrumentation ; Software

AIM:To explore the preventing effect of citalopram on neuro-cell apoptosis caused by long-term stress in CA1 and CA3 region of hippocampus.METHODS:Forty male Sprague Dawley(SD)rats were randomly divided into five groups including blank group,control group(the control group was filled the stomade by 0.9% saline)and three experimental groups(intragastric administration of citalopram hydrobromide at doses of 8 mg?kg-1?d-1,4 mg?kg-1?d-1,1 mg?kg-1?d-1,respectively).Rat stress model was made by compulsory swimming everyday for 4 weeks.Cell apoptosis in CA1 and CA3 region of hippocampus was observed by HE staining method.Apoptotic cell numbers and integral optical density in CA1 and CA3 region were tested and analyzed by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase biotin-dUTP nick end labeling(TUNEL)method and Norton Internet Security BR(NIS BR)software.t-test was applied to compare apoptosis cell numbers and integral optical density.RESULTS:Control rats showed more static time and less struggling times.Conversely,static time was shorter and rats spent more time after exhaustive exercise,and more struggling times in the experimental group.Rats in control group showed more positive cells in CA1 and CA3 regions and higher integral optical density in CA3 region than those in blank group.Rats in experimental groups showed fewer positive cells in CA1 and CA3 regions.Rats in experimental group 1 and group 3 showed higher integral optical density in CA1 and CA3 regions than that in control group.CONCLUSION:Long-term stress might cause neuro-cell apoptosis in CA1 and CA3 region of hippocampus.Citalopram might have prophylactic effect on apoptosis caused by long-term stress in CA1 and CA3 region,and the prophylactic effect might not be influenced by citalopram.Our study suggests that the treatment mechanism of citalopram in neural and mental illness by long-term stress may involve in a major role by antagonizing neuronal apoptosis in both the CA1 and CA3.

Background The retina ischemia reperfusion injury (RIRI) can lead to apoptosis,which is associated with many genes.It is very significant to explore the protection of drugs on RIRI-induced apoptosis.Objective This study was to explore the relationship between the expression of Nogo-A and the cell apoptosis as well as the therapeutic effect of NEP1-40 in RIRI retina.Methods The device of raising intraocular pressure (IOP)was used to elevate the IOP for 60 minutes and then restore the IOP to normal for the establishment of RIRI models.Seventy-eight SD rats were randomized to the normal group,RIRI group and NEP1-40 group.PBS of 5 ml/(kg · d)was injected intraperitoneally in the rats of the RIRI group,and NEP1-40 of 8 mg/(L · kg) was used in the same way in the NEP1-40 group.The rats were sacrificed in overdose anesthesia at 6 hours,12 hours and 1 day,2,3,7 days after RIRI to prepare the retinal specimens.The ultrastructure of rat retinas was examined under the transmission electron microscope.Cell apoptosis was assessed by the TUNEL method,and the apoptotic index (AI) was calculated.The expressions of Nogo-A protein and mRNA in rat retinas were detected by immunohistochemistry and semiquantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR).Results The ultrastructure of retinal cells were normal in the normal group.Retinal cell organelle dissolution,mitochondria swelling,cavitation,chromatin edge heterochromatin and apoptotic body were seen in the rats of the RIRI group from 12 hours through 7 days after injection.However,only the slight loose of outer membranous disk,inner and outer nuclear layer and retinal ganglion cells,the nucleus gap broadening,shortness of some mitochondrial cristae in the NEP1-40 group.TUNEL-positive cells appeared 6 hours after RIRI and reached peak in 1 day,and gradually declined after that in the RIRI group.A similar pattern was seen in the rats of the NEP1-40 group with a more mild manifestation.Significant differences were seen in the AI values among the different groups at various time points (Fgroup =100.850,P =0.000 ; Ftime =34.309,P =0.000),and the AI values were significantly higher in the RIRI group and NEP1-40 group compared with normal group;while the AI values in the NEP1-40 group was lower than those of the RIRI group (all at P＜0.05).The expressions of Nogo-A protein and mRNA showed a coincident pattern with apoptosis procedure,with a gradually elevated level from 6 hours through 7 days after RIRI and a peak in 2 days,and those in the NEP1-40 group were weaker in comparison with the RIRI group in various time points.Significant differences were detected in the expression of Nogo-A protein and the expression of Nogo-A mRNA among different groups and various time points(protein:Fgroup =164.139,P =0.000;Ftime =21.772,P =0.000.mRNA:Fgroup =93.889,P =0.000 ; Ftime =6.349,P =0.000).Conclusions Nogo-A probably plays an important role in RIRI.NEP1-40 can protect retinal cells from apoptosis following RIRI through down-regulating the expression of Nogo-A.

The establishment of clinical medicine with professional degree is an important reformation of high-level professionals in medical field. With the expansion of the number of postgraduates of clinical medicine with professional degree, how to establish and perfect the training mode and how to improve the training quality has become an important research for the postgraduate education with professional degree. This paper discusses the establishment and perfection of training mode of full-time postgraduates of clinical medicine with professional degree by combining the documents and development of professional degree in my university.

To study the antiviral effect of Hypericum perforatum L. extract (HPE) on influenza A virus (IAV) (H1N1) in vitro and in vivo. Cytopathic effect (CPE) and neutral red (NR) dye uptake were used to examine the antiviral effect of HPE on Madin Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cells which were infected with IAV in vitro. HPE was effective against influenza A virus (IAV) in vitro, with a 50% effective concentration (EC50) of 40 μg/mL. The mean 50% cytotoxic concentration (CC50) in the MDCK used in these experiments was 1.5 mg/mL. Ribavirin was run in parallel with EC50 values of 5.0 μg/mL; the mean CC50 for ribavirin was 520 μg/mL. Oral gavage administrations of HPE or ribavirin to mice infected with the IAV were highly effective in preventing death, slowing the decline of arterial oxygen saturation, inhibiting lung consolidation and reducing lung virus titers. The minimum effective dose of HPE in these studies was 31.25 mg/kg/day, which was administered twice daily for 5 d beginning 4 h prior to virus exposure. Below a dosage of 2000 mg/kg/day, almost all treated mice survived, which suggests that HPE is of low toxicity. Ribavirin's minimum effective dose was 40 mg/kg/day with the LD50 determined to be 200 mg/kg/day. Delay of the initiation of either HPE or ribavirin therapy, using approximately 1/3 LD50 dose each time, could still be protective as late as 48 h after exposure to the IAV. While both agents appeared to have similar efficacy against IAV infections, HPE was considered to be less toxic and may warrant further evaluation as a possible therapy for influenza.

Objective To explore effect of 5 -aminolevulinic acid -photodynamic therapy combined with thymopentin -5 on IL -17,IL -23 expression of recurrent condylomata acuminata patients.Methods 140 patients with recurrent condylomata acuminata were randomly divided into 3 groups.53 cases in observation group were treated by 5 -aminolevulinic acid -photodynamic therapy combined with thymopentin -5,42 cases in control group 1 were treated by 5 -aminolevulinic acid -photodynamic therapy,and 45 cases in control group 2 were treated by thymopen-tin -5.24 healthy subjects were served as normal controls.IL -17,IL -23 levels were determined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay before and after the clinical therapy.Results IL -17,IL -23 levels in the patients with recur-rent condylomata acuminata were significantly lower than those in healthy subjects(t =28.10,P <0.01;t =11.10, P <0.01).There were significant differences in IL -17,IL -23 between recurrent condylomata acuminata patients and healthy persons before treatment.There was significant difference after treatment(t =61.17,P <0.01;t =28.02, P <0.01).Conclusion 5 -aminolevulinic acid -photodynamic therapy combined with thymopentin -5 in the treat-ment of recurrent condylomata acuminata inhibited IL -17,IL -23 expression,so as to achieve therapeutic effect.

BACKGROUND:There is a great dispute on the choice of repair materials for ossicular chain damage.
OBJECTIVE:To explore the effects of new hydroxyapatite-bone morphogenetic protein ossicular prosthesis versus al ogeneic cartilage ossicular prosthesis in patients with ossicular chain damage.
METHODS:Sixty patients with chronic otitis media were equal y assigned into a control group and a test group. Two groups of patients underwent tympanoplasty and ossicular chain reconstruction with al ogeneic cartilage ossicular prosthesis or hydroxyapatite-bone morphogenetic protein ossicular prosthesis, respectively. Twelve months after surgery, fol ow-up results were compared between two groups.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Air conduction value and air-bone gap value were both improved significantly in the two groups after surgery (P<0.05), and especial y, the postoperative air conduction value was better in the test group than the control group (P<0.05). Implant detachment was found in three cases of the control group, whereas did not occur in the test group. Improved hearing was found in 28 cases in the test group with an improvement rate of 93%and 25 cases in the control group with an improvement rate of 83%. There was a significant difference in the hearing improvement between the two groups (P<0.05). Overal , two kinds of prostheses can share similar effects on the ossicular chain repair.
Subject headings:Tympanoplasty;Otitis Media;Bone Morphogenetic Proteins;Tissue Engineering