The structure, karyotype and behavior of synaptonemal complex (SC) in the spermatocytes of hedgehog (Erinaceus euroaaus dealbatus (insectivora)) were analyzed by light and electron microscopy with a modified surface spread preparation which involves the use of sodium dodecyl-sulphate (SDS) and silver staining. The lateral elements of the synaptonemal complex have a constant width of about 50 nm, the distance between the two lateral elements is about 100 nm. The relative length and arm rationale constant for each autosomal SC. The relative length and arm ratio constant for ea of the autosomal SCs are very similar to that of mitotic autosome.The X and Y chromosome axes have a clear morphological distinction from the autosomal SC. The axes of X and Y chromosome pair and form a SC of certain length at pachytene stage. The axes of unpaired X and Y chromosome are heteropycnotic and display various morphological complexities. But these differentiations in hedgehog are primary than in other mammalians, such as human and mice. At pachytene stage the X and Y chromosome display an extensive side-by-side pairing segment with decreasing length as meiotic prophase progressed.

Clinical immunology should display the advanced and applied characteristics of immunology,and show the speciality of clinical practice.This course is a bridge between fundamental immunology and clinical teaching so that the medicos should get better foundation for the future learning.

Objective To compare the correlation between anti-cyclic citrulinated peptide antibody (anti-CCP), rheumatoid factor (RF) and disease activity, functional capacity, bone erosion of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Methods The correlation between anti-CCP, RF and disease activity score 28 (DAS28),health assessment questionnaire(HAQ) and bone erosion was assessed. Results Among the 218 RA patients,76% were anti-CCP-positive and 71% were RF-positive. The mean DAS28 score of RA patients with anti-CCP-positive and RF-positive was significantly higher than patients without anti-CCP and RF. The serum an-ti-CCP levels and RF levels showed a significant correlation with DAS28 score. However, the HAQ scores, ESR and CRP levels showed no significant difference between anti-CCP-positive and anti-CCP-negafive patients, RF-positive and RF-negative patients. Among anti-CCP-positive RA patients, the number of patients with erosive disease was significantly higher than patients without anti-CCP. However, the number of patients with erosive disease was not significantly different between RF-positive and RF-negative patients. Conclusion Anti-CCP and RF arc associated with disease activity. Anti-CCP is associated with bone erosion. No association is found between RF and bone erosion.

Objective To evaluate the value of IgA and IgG antibodies against α-fodrin in both serum antibodies in SS is also assessed.Methods Samples from 39 patients with SS(25 primary and 14 secondary),8 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus(SLE),and 15 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA)as well as 10 healthy blood donors were collected.Anti-α-fodrin antibodies were measured using ELISA.Results The titer of serum anti-α-fodrin was higher in SS than in other connective tissue diseases group and healthy group(P<0.01).IgA type anti-α-fodrin antibodies was detected in 60%.44% of serum and saliva in patients with pSS respectively.IgG antibodies were detected in 43% of sera,and 29% of saliva of patients with pSS.The sensitivity and specificity of serum anti-α-fodrin IgA in SS was 54%and 85%.The level of anti-α-fodrin was positively associated with xerostomia and parotid swelling (P<0.05),and was negatively associated with xeroma,renal tubule acidosis,lung interstitial disease and hepatic damages(P>0.05).Conclusion Saliva and serLlm anti-α-fodrin level may be diagnostic for SS.It may be a useful screening marker.

Objective To discuss the feasibility of single hole thoracoscopy of pleural fibreboard endarterectomy surgical treatment on chronic tuberculous empyema. Methods Retrospective analysis of minimally invasive treatment of 52 cases of chronic tuberculous empyema form January 2013 to May 2016, 50 cases applied single hole thoracoscopy surgery, video-assisted mini-thoracoscopy for another 2 cases. Results There was no death, operation time 60 ~ 240 min, average 160 min, bleeding 150 ~ 2000 ml, average 350 ml, postoperative chest tube drainage time 3 ~ 21 d, average 7 d, postoperative persistent leakage in 3 patients, 3 cases of atelectasis, incisional infection in 1 case, pleural effusion in 1 case, 3 cases of arrhythmia. All the cured patients are received the corresponding treatment, the follow-up of 3 ~ 36 m, the chest CT scan show no atelectasis. Conclusion Under the condition of strict selection of indication, single hole thoracoscopy of pleural fibreboard endarterectomy in treatment of chronic tuberculous empyema is safe and feasible, so it is worthy of making further clinical promotion and application.

Objective To investigate the prevalence and specific manifestations of enduring psychological distress in patients with breast cancer after operation. Methods Totally 263 patients of the newly diagnosed breast cancer treated with the operation from August 2014 to August 2015 were collected by convenience sampling. Distress Thermometer (DT) and Problem List recommended by national Comprehensive Cancer Network was used to assess the persistent psychological distresses in the 6th, 15th, 20th, 25th, 30th months after the disease diagnosis,while a self-designed questionnaire was for the demographic data. Results The results of the DT screening showed that 16％(42/263) patients had persistent psychological problems;the incidences of five stages of significant psychological distress (DT≥4) was 43％(113/263), 34％(89/263), 31％(81/263), 28％ (73/263) and 25％ (65/263), respectively. The main manifestations of persistent psychological distress were:fatigue 59 cases (22.4％) , sleep disorders 51 cases (19.4％), nervous 48 cases (18.2％), anxiety 24 cases (9.1％), fear of appearance 23 cases (8.7％) and the difference in persistent psychological distress scores between different demographic characteristics (age, educational level, marital status, economic situation, operation method, disease stage) were statistically significant (t=-2.295-2.966, P<0.05). Conclusion The incidences of persistent psychological distress in patients with breast cancer is higher and the manifestation is different,which should be paid attention to by medical workers.

ObjectiveTo investigate the effect of Loulianwan on the gut microbiota of db/db mice with type 2 diabetes mellitus （T2DM）. MethodMale db/m+ mice aged 4-5 weeks were assigned to the normal group， and male db/db model mice of the same age were randomly divided into model group， metformin group （0.25 g·kg^-1·d^-1）， and Loulianwan group （13 g·kg^-1·d^-1）， with six mice in each group. Drug intervention lasted five weeks. The body weight， water intake， and fasting blood glucose （FBG） of the mice were recorded every week. After five weeks， the FBG， liver triglyceride （TG）， liver total cholesterol （TC）， glycated serum protein （GSP）， and fasting serum insulin （FINS） were detected， and the insulin resistance index （HOMA-IR） was calculated. The feces in the mouse intestines were collected， and the 16S rRNA sequencing technology was used to detect the structural changes in the fecal gut microbiota of mice in each group. ResultCompared with the normal group， the model group showed increased body weight， water intake， FBG， liver TG， liver TC， GSP， FINS， and HOMA-IR （P<0.01）. Compared with the model group， the Loulianwan group showed reduced water intake， FBG， liver TG， liver TC， GSP， FINS， and HOMA-IR （P<0.01）. The gut microbiota in the Loulian Lills group changed from phylum to genus level. The relative abundance of beneficial bacteria increased and the relative abundance of harmful bacteria decreased. Among them， the abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila， Blautia， Ruminococcus， and Parabacteroides increased （P<0.01）. ConclusionLoulianwan can significantly improve glucose and lipid metabolism in db/db mice with T2DM， and its mechanism may be related to the increase in the abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila， Blautia， Ruminococcus， and Parabacteroides in the intestine.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus （T2DM） is a chronic metabolic disease characterized by insulin resistance， hyperinsulinemia， and disturbance of glucose and lipid metabolism， with elevated blood glucose as the main clinical manifestation. Due to its complex etiology and pathogenesis， there is no effective treatment， which critically threatens human health and places a heavy burden on society and families. Saponins are a class of glycosides with complex structures that have the advantage of a wide range of sources， elevated safety， and low adverse effects. As an essential active ingredient in Chinese medicine， Chinese medicine saponins have a variety of biological activities such as hypoglycemia， hypoglycaemia， anti-inflammation， antioxidation， anti-tumor， and immune modulation. In recent years， numerous studies have shown that Chinese medicine saponins are effective in preventing and treating T2DM. Although there have been numerous studies on the hypoglycemic effects and mechanisms of Chinese medicine saponins， there has been no systematic review of the mechanisms of Chinese medicine saponins in the treatment of T2DM. Therefore， to provide a theoretical basis for an in-depth study of the hypoglycemic effects of Chinese medicine saponins and a scientific basis for the development and clinical application of drugs， this paper systematically summarized the hypoglycemic mechanisms of Chinese medicine saponins， such as improving islet β-cell function， improving insulin resistance， inhibiting glycosidase activity， reducing the inflammatory response， anti-oxidative stress， and regulating intestinal flora， and analyzed the current research problems and development trends.